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Query: UMLS:C0027066 (myoclonus)
 4,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical and Neuropathological data on sixteen cases of progressive myoclonic encephalopathy are reported. This neurological syndrome appears after an average duration of thirty two months of haemodialysis and leads to death in four and a half months, and is characterized by myoclonus, speech disorder, epileptic seizures, and mental-status changes. At first, clinical signs and symptoms are related to haemodialysis, later they become permanent. An early diagnosis is based on EEG which is the only useful laboratory test, demonstrating bisynchronous slow-wave bursts. The caracteristic histopathologic findings are neuronal depopulation, lipofuscin accumulation, and appearance of Neurofibrillary degeneration, especially in Motor cortex, red nucleus and dentato-olivary systems. It seems to be justified to attribute P.M.D.E. to aluminium chronic poisonning; the source of the aluminium intoxication is not aluminium containing phosphate-binding gels but intravenously administreted tape-water. The intracellular binding of aluminium is shown from a histochemical study employing fluorescent stain Morin.
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PMID:[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Pathogenetic discussion]. 10 55

Between September 1972 and January 1976 an outbreak of dialysis dementia affected 20 patients maintained by long-term hemodialysis. The clinical picture was characterized by an insidious onset of altered behaviour, dementia, speech disturbance, myoclonus, and convulsions. Nineteen patients died, but one patient has survived for 16 months. It was later established that in June 1972 the city had altered its method of water purification and that this resulted in higher water aluminum levels. The temporal relation between periods of high water-aluminum content and the appearance of new cases supports the view that aluminum may play a role in the causation of dialysis dementia.
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PMID:Role of aluminum in dialysis dementia. 63 30

A historic review of the development of water-soluble contrast materials for lumbar myelography is presented. This is followed by a discussion of their advantages and complications, as well as a case report of convulsive segmental myoclonus, hypotension, and death after myelography associated with the use of dimeglumine locarmate (Dimer-X). A new nonionic material, metrizamide (Amipaque), is discussed, and its current clinical status is summarized.
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PMID:Complications of water-soluble contrast lumbar myelography. Review of the literature and case report. 74 Dec 41

In the four years between 1972 and 1976 twenty out of 160 maintenance dialysis patients developed dialysis dementia. Their illness was characterized by an insidious onset of mental deterioration, speech disturbance, apraxia, and myoclonus. The disease progressed inexorably to a fatal outcome, the onset of seizures being an ominous sign, and the average duration of the illness being seven months. Routine biochemical studies were unremarkable, and osteodystrophy was not a prominent feature. Serial electroencephalograms (EEG) showed progressive slowing of the rhythm, usually antedating the neurologic symptoms. Brain scan and flow studies were normal. Radio-iodinated serum albumin (RISA) scans in seven patients showed changes suggesting altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Treatment was generally ineffective, but ventriculo-peritoneal shunting produced transient neurologic improvement in one patient. Epidemiologic investigations showed high aluminum levels in city water during the period of the outbreak.
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PMID:Dialysis dementia -- the Chicago experience. 75 Jun 11

Thirty-four newborn polled Hereford and polled Hereford cross calves affected with a condition previously described as neuraxial oedema and six normal calves were examined. None of the affected calves were seen to stand after birth and when first examined the calves were in lateral recumbency, with extension and crossing of the hindlimbs. All the affected calves were bright and alert, could lift their heads and apparently could see and hear. When the calves were encouraged to stand spontaneous and stimulus-responsive myoclonic extensor spasms, with whole body rigidity, were consistently observed. Thirty-two of the affected calves had macroscopic lesions in the coxae. No significant pathological or biochemical lesions were observed in the central nervous system of any of the calves. The water content of the cerebellum did not differ between normal and affected calves. As oedema of the central nervous system is not a feature of this condition it is more appropriate to describe it as inherited congenital myoclonus.
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PMID:Inherited congenital myoclonus of polled Hereford calves (so-called neuraxial oedema): a clinical, pathological and biochemical study. 375 Jul 76

Irrespective of the etiology, a water and electrolyte imbalance provoking a hypo- or hyperosmolar state causes metabolic encephalopathy, as may occur with any metabolic disturbance. The pathophysiology of metabolic encephalopathy relies on a diffuse neuronal dysfunction which occasionally shows a focal maximum. To the clinician it presents in the form of nonspecific symptoms or signs, such as altered level of alertness or awareness of the environment, or impaired attention, cognition or orientation. When the onset of hypo- or hyperosmolality is rapid, delirium may develop or the level of consciousness can decrease to the point of coma. Myoclonic jerks, gait disturbance and focal or generalized fits are additional nonspecific signs. When the water and electrolyte imbalance coincides with or is caused by brain disease, the signs of the two conditions are added. On the other hand, complicating hemorrhages, sinus thrombosis, or brainstem herniation or compression may be taken for a primary structural brain lesion, and the water and electrolyte imbalance may easily be overlooked. Pathophysiology, symptoms and signs, and therapy of hypo- and hyperosmolar states are discussed. Central pontine myelinolysis is considered separately.
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PMID:[Neurologic manifestations of osmolality disorders]. 389 13

We describe a patient with epilepsy characterized by eyelid myoclonus, which often evolved into complex partial seizures, hemiconvulsions, or generalized convulsions. The outstanding feature was that seizures became markedly more frequent on exposure to light, movement in daily life, and hot water immersion. The patient was highly susceptible to seizures under constant light, but the dopamine level in the cerebrospinal fluid was quite low, and administration of levodopa transiently suppressed the seizures.
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PMID:Epileptic seizures precipitated by constant light, movement in daily life, and hot water immersion. 400 84

A 59-y-old with a history of chronic renal failure on hemodialysis was diagnosed with herpes zoster and begun on 800 mg acyclovir 5 times daily. Two days later the patient developed visual hallucinations, ataxia, confusion and memory loss along with focal myoclonus, nausea and vomiting. No fever, elevated WBC count or significant electrolyte imbalance was found. CT scan of the brain was unremarkable. The patient was then dialyzed for presumed acyclovir toxicity. Her acyclovir level was later found to have been 3.4 micrograms/ml (normal peak range 0.4-2 micrograms/ml) prior to dialysis. After 3 h of hemodialysis, her post-dialysis acyclovir level was 1.9 micrograms/ml. After a second course of hemodialysis the next day the patient's mental status improved, and she was discharged 5 d later. Due to its low volume of distribution (0.6 L/kg), low protein binding (about 15%) and water solubility, acyclovir is an example of the ideal drug that can be removed by hemodialysis. About 45% of the total body amount can be extracted through a 3-h course of hemodialysis with resultant improvement in symptoms.
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PMID:Hemodialysis removal of acyclovir. 757 52

A 2-year-old Standardbred gelding was examined because of prolapse of the third eyelid; myoclonus of the muscles of the head, neck, and forelimbs; and persistent tail swishing. The horse had a high plasma sodium concentration but was not drinking water. The hypernatremia could not be corrected by means of IV administration of fluids, and the horse became worse and, 6 days later, died. At necropsy, a tumor was found to be compressing the neurohypophysis and the area in the brain in which the thirst centers are believed to be located. It is believed that hypernatremia in this horse was a result of altered thirst.
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PMID:Ependymoma of the neurohypophysis and hypernatremia in a horse. 765 73

Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent experimentally induced cardiac arrest and resuscitation, subsequently exhibiting involuntary jerking movements (myoclonus) with salient features similar to the human form of the disorder. The novel strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonists ACEA-1011 (5-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3,-dio ne) and ACEA-1021 (5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-quinoxalinedione) significantly attenuated the myoclonus in cardiac-arrested rats. (+)-HA-966, (+/-)-HA-966 (3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone), and felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) were also effective. Although the drugs vary in their selectivity for strychnine-insensitive glycine sites, they all possess antagonist activity at these sites. Vehicle injections (saline, dimethyl sulfoxide, water) were without effect and no obvious side effects were observed with any of the ligands tested in this study. Since hyperexcitability in the central nervous system is thought to underlie myoclonus, the attenuation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission through antagonism of strychnine-insensitive glycine sites provides a logical mechanism of action for the antimyoclonic effects observed herein.
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PMID:Strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonists attenuate a cardiac arrest-induced movement disorder. 779 45


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