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Query: UMLS:C0027066 (myoclonus)
 4,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Myoclonus can present itself in various distinct clinical contexts. The authors review the possible different types of myoclonus, as a single manifestation or included in a syndrome, based on a semiological and aetiological classification. Special emphasis is given to the group of progressive myoclonus epilepsies.
Acta Med Port 1995 Sep
PMID:[The semiology and classification of myoclonias]. 748 73

Clozapine is a novel antipsychotic agent effective in treating refractory schizophrenia. Clozapine produces fewer extrapyramidal effects than other neuroleptics, although agranulocytosis and seizures are significant adverse effects. To characterize the spectrum of clozapine-related electroencephalographic abnormalities, we identified 10 patients who had electroencephalograms (EEGs) performed before and during clozapine treatment. These 10 patients represented a subset of individuals participating in an investigational trial. During clozapine treatment, five developed myoclonus and one experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Records were retrospectively reviewed by an electroencephalographer blinded to the patient's history and medications. All patients had normal EEGs before clozapine treatment. While receiving clozapine (250-900 mg daily), all patients developed background slowing in the theta and often delta ranges. Additionally, 7 patients exhibited bilateral spike, polyspike and slow wave discharges, one with a photoparoxysmal response. Follow-up EEGs performed in 4 of these 7 patients after a decrease in clozapine dosage and/or addition in valproic acid showed diminished epileptiform activity.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994 Sep
PMID:Spectrum of EEG abnormalities during clozapine treatment. 752 49

The aim of this study was to characterize paroxysmal EEG activities associated with epileptic negative myoclonus (ENM) in an epileptic patient presenting with ENM. ENM was predominant in the right upper limb and was correlated to a spike in the left central region. Spikes associated with ENM (SaENM) and spikes unrelated to ENM (SuENM) were identified by the temporal relation between the left central spike and the EMG silent period in the right wrist extensor. SaENM showed a significantly longer duration than SuENM (128 +/- 27 msec versus 92 +/- 21 msec, respectively; P < 0.01). SaENM and SuENM were submitted to spike averaging and topographic mapping. Spike averaging was performed averaging the EEG 640 msec before and after the peak of the spike. Both averaged SaENM and SuENM consisted of a negative spike with highest amplitude at C3 and similar topographic characteristics. The discriminant feature between the two types of spikes was the presence, in averaged SaENM, of a second smaller negative spike, 40 msec after the peak of the spike at C3, whose maxima were distributed over the left frontal region. We labeled this second spike as ENM-related component. We conclude that, in our patient, ENM was associated with a frontal cortical potential suggesting the involvement of frontal areas in the generation of negative myoclonus.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995 Sep
PMID:Frontal inhibitory spike component associated with epileptic negative myoclonus. 755 10

The severe epilepsies of childhood are described briefly and information available on the efficacy of newly developed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in their control is reviewed. Therapeutic advances are awaited for early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early myoclonic encephalopathy, progressive myoclonus epilepsies and Kojewnikow syndrome. West syndrome may respond to vigabatrin, and less predictably to lamotrigine. Lamotrigine can be helpful for severe myoclonic epilepsy and myoclonic absences. Astatic seizures may be dramatically controlled by lamotrigine, whereas vigabatrin may worsen myoclonic attacks. In the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, the efficacy of felbamate has been demonstrated by a controlled trial; vigabatrin and lamotrigine can also be helpful. Non-idiopathic partial and secondary generalized epilepsies are responsive to vigabatrin in a useful percentage of cases, and some children improve with felbamate, lamotrigine or striripentol. A trial which compares the efficacies of the newer AEDs against each other could provide very useful information for the clinician.
Seizure 1995 Sep
PMID:Management issues in severe childhood epilepsies. 758 57

A 2-year-old Standardbred gelding was examined because of prolapse of the third eyelid; myoclonus of the muscles of the head, neck, and forelimbs; and persistent tail swishing. The horse had a high plasma sodium concentration but was not drinking water. The hypernatremia could not be corrected by means of IV administration of fluids, and the horse became worse and, 6 days later, died. At necropsy, a tumor was found to be compressing the neurohypophysis and the area in the brain in which the thirst centers are believed to be located. It is believed that hypernatremia in this horse was a result of altered thirst.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Sep 15
PMID:Ependymoma of the neurohypophysis and hypernatremia in a horse. 765 73

We have previously reported that rats exhibited audiogenic myoclonus at 3 days after cardiac arrest. This phenomenon peaked at 14 days, gradually tapered off at older ages, and disappeared in most rats by 60 days following cardiac arrest. Because treatment with the 5-HT2-selective agonist, (+/-)-1-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) significantly attenuated audiogenic myoclonus in these postcardiac-arrest rats, the involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus was suggested. In the current study, we, therefore, examined the binding properties of 5-HT2 receptors in the rat bain at various time points following cardiac arrest. The affinity constant of [3H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT2 receptors in cortical membranes of rats did not change. In contrast, Bmax values were found to be reduced at 3 and 14 days after cardiac arrest with some recovery after 60 days. Taken together with previous results, these results indicate that hypoactivity of central 5-HT2 neurotransmission may underlie the development of posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994 Sep
PMID:Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats. 781 62

We reported a case of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. A 63-year-old man was admitted to Kenwakai Hospital with rapidly progressing symptoms, including lumbago, whole body pain, vertigo, nausea, and anorexia. He became bed-ridden because of severe vertigo and truncal ataxia. Five days after admission, he developed opsoclonus followed by myoclonus and mild disturbance of consciousness, but he showed no appendicular ataxia or pyramidal tract sign. He was treated with prednisolone, 40 mg/day, which was effective for disturbance of consciousness, but opsoclonus and myoclonus persisted. He died of liver dysfunction and ventricular fibrillation 3 weeks after onset. Blood examination revealed high LDH (1,106 IU/l), Al-P, and gamma-GTP titers. Tumor markers were normal except for increase NSE activity (129 ng/ml). The cerebrospinal fluid showed normal cell count, 63.9 mg/dl of protein, 7.3 mg/dl of IgG, and normal glucose. A cranial CT scan showed an old lacune only. Chest rentgenogram and CT scan revealed mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement. An abdominal CT scan showed multiple low density masses in the liver. Small cell lung cancer associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome was suspected. Western blot analysis revealed that his serum reacted with protein in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and dorsal root ganglion with a molecular weight of 77 kDa. This is the first time such an antibody was ever been detected in patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. The molecular weights of the antigens previously found by the serum of patients with this syndrome, were 55 kDa and 80 kDa in patients with breast cancer, and 210 kDa in patients with neuroblastoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1994 Sep
PMID:[A case of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with anti-central nervous system antibody]. 782 Sep 64

This is a case of Alzheimer disease with myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG. A 56-year-old man developed progressive dementia and, 3 years later, generalized convulsions. Eight years later, he showed myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG. Cranial CT showed cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation. He became apallic and died of pneumonia at the age of 65.9 years after the onset of the disease. The brain weighed 1,050 g. Neuropathologically, diffuse neuronal loss, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, particularly diffuse plaques, were found extensively in the cerebral cortex. The white matter was preserved. In the Ammon's horn, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were observed. Grumose degeneration of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, Kuru plaques or prions were not found. Numerous diffuse plaques of the cerebral cortex have rarely been reported in autopsy cases of Alzheimer disease with myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG.
Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1994 Sep
PMID:An autopsy case of Alzheimer disease with myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG. 789 27

We report a 74-year-old woman with opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and encephalopathy who had small-cell lung cancer and high titers of anti-Hu antibody in her serum. At autopsy, there were perivascular inflammatory infiltrates in the brainstem, putamen, and meninges overlying the orbital frontal cortex. Immunohistochemical studies showed the expression of the Hu antigens by the tumor and the presence of deposits of anti-Hu IgG in the patient's cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum, suggesting that anti-Hu immune response was related to the patient's clinical syndrome. This case of paraneoplastic opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and encephalopathy expands the spectrum of neurologic dysfunction associated with the anti-Hu antibody.
Neurology 1994 Sep
PMID:Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with anti-Hu antibody. 767 91

The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of eight patients with propriospinal myoclonus are described. Myoclonus developed within days or weeks of cervical trauma in half the patients. Seven cases had axial flexion jerks, and one axial extension jerks. Myoclonic EMG activity consisted of repetitive bursts with a frequency of 1-7 Hz. The jerks in three of the cases were comprised of alternating and rhythmic bursts of EMG activity in rectus abdominis and the paraspinal muscles. From these new observations, it is proposed that cervical trauma can lead to the partial release of a spinal pattern generator. The latter is capable of recruiting muscles through long propriospinal pathways into complex rhythmic activity.
Mov Disord 1994 Sep
PMID:Propriospinal myoclonus: evidence for spinal "pattern" generators in humans. 799 Aug 53


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