Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027066 (myoclonus)
 4,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hemodynamic changes and side effects of anesthesia induction with etomidate or thiopental were evaluated in 83 ASA class I or II patients. Patients were randomly assigned to one of 12 groups according to pretreatment drug (fentanyl, 100 micrograms, or normal saline intravenously), induction agent (etomidate, 0.4 mg/kg, or thiopental, 4 mg/kg), and maintenance anesthetic technique (isoflurane-oxygen, isoflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen, or fentanyl-nitrous oxide-oxygen). The purpose of this experiment, of factorial design, was to evaluate the combined effects of two or more experimental variables used simultaneously and to observe interaction effects. There were significant increases in heart rate in all groups, especially after tracheal intubation. These increases were attenuated but not eliminated by fentanyl pretreatment. Systolic arterial blood pressure increased significantly after intubation and was not affected either by fentanyl pretreatment or by the induction agent. Patients in whom anesthesia was induced with etomidate had a greater incidence of pain on injection and myoclonus and a lesser incidence of apnea than patients in whom anesthesia was induced with thiopental. Fentanyl pretreatment significantly decreased the incidence of pain on injection and myoclonus, but it increased the incidence of apnea when anesthesia was induced with etomidate. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was similar after thiopental and etomidate and was unaffected by fentanyl pretreatment. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anesth Analg 1985 Sep
PMID:Etomidate versus thiopental for induction of anesthesia. 402 53

Following single or repeated treatment with the irreversible anticholinesterase, DFP or, during infusion of the muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine, and the reversible anticholinesterase physostigmine, effects of challenges with muscarinic antagonists were studied in rats. The antagonists, atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, orphenadrine and trihexyphenidyl induced, to a low degree, limb-shakes (myoclonus) and stereotyped behaviors in normal rats. However, within 24-72 hr after the above pretreatments, this myoclonus was significantly enhanced. The anticholinergic-stereotypies were also increased but only by severe cholinergic pretreatment and at a time later than that for the myoclonus. Myoclonus and stereotypies are known to be produced by treatments which directly enhance serotonergic and dopaminergic activities, respectively. It is suggested that during prolonged cholinergic stimulation, the cholinergic-monoaminergic balance in the brain can be altered depending upon the degree of stimulation. This could be responsible for the observed differential onset of changes in the anticholinergic-behavioral responses, which could, in turn, be mediated by different monoaminergic (serotonin and dopamine) systems.
Life Sci 1985 Sep 02
PMID:Rapid induction of supersensitivity to muscarinic antagonists-induced motor excitation by continuous stimulation of cholinergic receptors. 404 Oct 2

Experiments on noninbred rats were made to study the influence of lithium hydroxybutyrate on two patterns of spinal cord pathology: the generalized myoclonus and painful syndrome of spinal origin. The syndromes were induced by generators of pathologically enhanced excitation in the ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The effects of lithium chloride and sodium hydroxybutyrate were examined to compare the influence of lithium (cation) and hydroxybutyrate (anion) components to elucidate the role of each of the components. Lithium hydroxybutyrate appeared more effective, since it inhibited the generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the appropriate structures, provoking the anticonvulsant effect in myoclonus and suppressing the painful syndrome.
Biull Eksp Biol Med 1985 Sep
PMID:[Effect of lithium salts on neuropathological syndromes of spinal origin]. 404 87

A case of SSPE in a 29-year-old man is presented. The clinical picture was typical with progressive dementia associated with periodic myoclonus. The electroencephalogram showed periodic complexes; the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measles antibodies obtained by complement fixation were 1:256 and 1:32 respectively; the CSF gamma globulin was raised (32%) with an oligoclonal distribution. The fundoscopic examination demonstrated a retinal change in maculae and the computed tomography showed cysts and calcifications characteristic of Cysticercus cellulosae. The latter findings probably were not implicated with the SSPE because neurocysticercosis is a very common disease in this region of the country and frequently there are asymptomatic cysts and/or calcifications on CT. The essential clinical and epidemiologic picture of SSPE are discussed and probably the cases with an adult onset had a more rapid outcome to death.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1985 Sep
PMID:[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in an adult: report of a case]. 409 42

Spinal and cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials to peroneal nerve and median nerve stimulation were recorded in 17 children with CNS degenerative disease and compared with similar potentials obtained in a group of age-matched normal control subjects. Spinal potentials were increased in duration over caudal cord segments and were poorly defined or absent over the rostral cord in some patients. In 12 patients the conduction velocity of the spinal response was slow over spinal cord segments. However, conduction velocity over peripheral nerve and cauda equina was normal in all patients. The scalp recorded evoked potentials to both median and peroneal nerve stimulation which arise in neural structures rostral to the brain stem were absent in 14 patients. Cerebral responses and certain spinal potentials were greatly increased in amplitude in one patient with myoclonus. This study demonstrates that these methods permit an evaluation of the entire neuraxis from peripheral nerve to cerebral cortex and that they may be helpful in the evaluation of patients with diffuse or multifocal disease of the nervous system.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980 Sep
PMID:Cerebral and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in children with CNS degenerative disease. 615 25

Choline acetyltransferase activity was measured postmortem in five brain regions to determine if such activity provided biochemical support for clinical and pathological subgrouping of Alzheimer's disease. Seven patients with Alzheimer's disease were divided into groups based on age at onset, severity of neuropathological changes, history of myoclonus, family history of dementia, cerebellar amyloid plaques, and congophilic angiopathy. Thirty-two age-matched normal control subjects and 17 neurological control patients with Huntington's disease were also studied. Patients with early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease did not differ in the clinical duration of their disease. Choline acetyltransferase activity was significantly lower in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease than in age-matched control subjects in frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. In contrast, choline acetyltransferase activity in patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease was significantly lower than in age-matched control subjects only in hippocampus. There was a tendency for choline acetyltransferase activity to be lower in cortex from patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease compared with cortex from the late-onset group, and this difference was significant in temporal cortex. Choline acetyltransferase activity was also measured in the substantia innominata from 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 5 age-matched control subjects. Subjects with early-onset Alzheimer's disease had significantly lower choline acetyltransferase activity in substantia innominata than did control subjects. Patients with Alzheimer's disease and a history of myoclonus had significantly lower choline acetyltransferase activity than did affected patients without myoclonus. Multivariate regression analysis showed myoclonus to be the single best predictor of low brain choline acetyltransferase activity. These results provide further evidence for clinical, pathological, and biochemical heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease.
Ann Neurol 1983 Sep
PMID:Alzheimer's disease: choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue from clinical and pathological subgroups. 622 76

The syndrome of opsoclonus and myoclonus may be the first presenting symptom of neuroblastoma. The disorder is often controlled by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A child with this disorder and treated with ACTH gel had abnormal uptake of 67Ga in both adrenal glands during studies to attempt to detect an occult neuroblastoma. Repeat 67Ga scans proved to be normal once the ACTH was discontinued and the patient was treated with prednisone. It is concluded that ACTH stimulation of normal adrenal tissue was responsible for these abnormal findings.
Cancer 1984 Sep 01
PMID:Positive gallium scan in the syndrome of opsoclonus-myoclonus treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone. 633 27

Five to 10% of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have a clinical course that extends for 2 years or more. In the present series 33 (9%) of 357 histopathologically verified cases, including 15 (7%) of 225 transmitted cases, fell into this long-duration category, the longest transmitted case having had a 13-year duration. As a group these cases were characterized by a higher familial representation (30%), a younger age at onset (average, 48 years), and lower frequencies of myoclonus (79%) and periodic electroencephalographic activity (45%) than occur in series of unselected cases. The clinical course most often showed a long, very slowly progressive first stage, with symptoms limited to intellectual deterioration or behavioral abnormalities, followed by a shorter, rapidly progressive terminal stage with both mental and physical deterioration. Although transmission of disease by primate inoculation was less successful in this group of long-duration cases (64%) than in cases of shorter duration (88%), incubation periods and durations of illness in the inoculated animals bore no relation to the duration of illness in the patients. Clinical differentiation from other chronic dementing processes, particularly Alzheimer's disease, can prove impossible; however, the correct pathological diagnosis was readily evident by light microscopic examination, and spongiosis was at least as prominent as gliosis in all but 4 (15%) of the 27 patients studied postmortem, the same frequency found in case series not selected for length of illness.
Ann Neurol 1984 Sep
PMID:Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of long duration: clinicopathological characteristics, transmissibility, and differential diagnosis. 638 23

A patient in whom opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with a viral encephalitis developed was seen initially because of a hearing loss. Audiometric testing revealed the hearing loss to be bilateral and retrocochlear in type. Four days after the onset of hearing loss, the full opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome developed. A review of the literature failed to disclose any other cases of the syndrome associated with hearing loss. On the basis of the available pathologic material in this disorder, the retrocochlear hearing loss was believed to have been caused by diffuse involvement of the brain-stem auditory pathways.
Arch Neurol 1984 Sep
PMID:Hearing loss as an initial symptom of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. 647 37

Myoclonus is a characteristic neurological sign of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Attempts were made to induce myoclonus in a large proportion of hamsters with a cell-associated strain of SSPE virus (the Biken strain) and thereby to establish an experimental model for study of the mechanism of development of this condition. When injected intracerebrally, Biken virus induced myoclonus within two to 14 days in 84% of the three- to nine-week-old hamsters tested. Electroencephalographic traces showed a periodic and synchronous discharge consisting of high-voltage slow waves and spikes that appeared coincidentally with myoclonus. Neurons in the cortex and thalamus of the affected animals had severely degenerated cytoplasm. Inflammatory changes, such as perivascular cuffing or infiltration of mononuclear cells, were not detected. Staining with immunoperoxidase revealed measles viral antigens in the cytoplasm and dendrites of the affected neurons. SSPE virus with the same properties as the parent virus was recovered from brain cells of sick animals by cocultivation with Vero cells.
J Infect Dis 1984 Sep
PMID:Induction of acute myoclonic encephalopathy in hamsters by subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. 648 Nov 83


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