Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027066 (myoclonus)
 4,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied seven patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and movement disorders. Three had hemichorea-ballismus, two had segmental myoclonus, one had postural tremor with dystonia, and one had paroxysmal dystonia. Besides the hyperkinesias, two patients had parkinsonism, and one had cerebral Whipple's disease. In two, the movement disorder preceded other evidence of AIDS; in three others, the diagnosis of AIDS was not considered until there was a movement disorder. The movement disorders were attributed to toxoplasmosis in four patients (one confirmed at autopsy), viral encephalitis, vacuolar myelopathy, and CNS Whipple's disease.
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PMID:Movement disorders and AIDS. 379 36

We studied 1086 AIDS patients in the last six years. Of these 389 (35.82%) had neurological manifestation and 7 (1.8%) male patients had abnormal involuntary movements (parkinsonism in 3, hemichorea-hemiballism in 2, spinal myoclonus in 1 and rubral tremor in another). All patients were men, 5 white and 2 black. Four were homosexual, 2 drug-users and 1 bisexual. The mean age was 33.14 years. The time between AIDS diagnosis and the onset of movement disorders was 23.8 months in 5 patients and in 2 it was the first symptom. The parkinsonian patients did not show any opportunistic infection in connection with the neurological symptoms but in the remaining four cases this relationship was suggested. The data showed that not only the opportunistic infection but also the AIDS virus may play an important role on the development of involuntary movements.
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PMID:Involuntary movements and AIDS: report of seven cases and review of the literature. 814 50

Twenty patients with movement disorders associated with astrocytomas (grade I-IV according to the WHO tumour classification) of the basal ganglia and the thalamus were evaluated for the effects of treatment. Five patients had more than one movement disorder when the histological diagnosis was verified by stereotactic biopsy. Twelve had tremors, eight hemidystonia, three hemichorea, and one hemichorea/ballismus, and myoclonus respectively. Ten patients died during the follow up period, and for the surviving patients follow up periods ranged from 6-21 years. The movement disorders changed over long periods of time related to therapeutic interventions. CSF shunt operations and percutaneous radiotherapy had no definite effect on the movement disorders. There was a moderate response to medical treatment in a few patients. Stereotactic aspiration of tumour cysts had a marked influence on the movement disorder in two patients, and functional stereotactic surgery abolished tumour induced tremor in one. Interstitial radiotherapy was performed in fifteen patients for treatment of the underlying neoplasm and resulted in different and variable alterations of the movement disorders. These differences may be explained by complex interactions involving structures affected primarily by the tumour, as well as by secondary functional lesions of adjacent structures.
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PMID:Evaluation of the effect of treatment on movement disorders in astrocytomas of the basal ganglia and the thalamus. 841 11

From 1986 to 1999, 2460 HIV-positive inpatients were seen in our Hospital. Neurological abnormalities were detected in 1053 (42.8%) patients. In this group, 28 (2.7%) had involuntary movements, 14 (50%) with secondary parkinsonism, six (21.4%) with hemichorea/hemiballismus, four (14.2%) with myoclonus, two (7.2%) with painful legs and moving toes, one (3.6%) with hemidystonia and one (3.6%) with Holmes' tremor. The HIV itself (12 patients), toxoplasmosis of the midbrain (1) and metoclopramide-related symptoms (1) were the most probable causes for the parkinsonism. All patients with hemichorea/hemiballismus were men and in all of them toxoplasmosis of the basal ganglia, mostly on the right side, was the cause of the involuntary movements. Generalized myoclonus was seen in two patients and they were due to toxoplasmosis and HIV-encephalopathy respectively; two others presented with spinal myoclonus. The two patients with painful legs and moving toes had an axonal neuropathy. The patient with hemidystonia suffered from toxoplasmosis in the basal ganglia and the patient with Holmes' tremor had co-infection with tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis affecting the midbrain and cerebellum. We conclude that HIV-infected patients can present almost any movement disorder. They can be related to opportunistic infections, medications, mass lesions and possibly to a direct or indirect effect of the HIV itself.
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PMID:Movement disorders in 28 HIV-infected patients. 1224 84

Clinically relevant movement disorders are identified in 3% of patients with HIV infection seen at tertiary referral centres. In the same setting, prospective follow-up shows that 50% of patients with AIDS develop tremor, parkinsonism or other extrapyramidal features. Hemiballism-hemichorea and tremor are the most common hyperkinesias seen in patients who are HIV positive, but other movement disorders diagnosed in these patients include dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, tics, paroxysmal dyskinesias and parkinsonism. Patients with movement disorders usually present with other clinical features such as peripheral neuropathy, seizures, myelopathy and dementia. In the vast majority of patients, hyperkinesias result from lesions caused by opportunistic infections, particularly toxoplasmosis, which damage the basal ganglia connections. On the other hand, parkinsonism and tremor can result from dopaminergic dysfunction resulting from HIV itself or the use of antidopaminergic drugs. The management of patients who are HIV positive who present with movement disorders involves recognition and treatment of opportunistic infections, symptomatic treatment of the movement disorder and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The most effective treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with HIV infection is the combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. Symptomatic treatment of the movement disorder is often disappointing: hemiballism improves with antipsychotics, but tremor, parkinsonism and other phenomena usually fail to respond to available therapies. Preliminary data suggest that HAART may be helpful in the symptomatic control as well as prevention of movement disorders in patients who are HIV positive.
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PMID:HIV-related movement disorders: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. 1226 60

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is a well-recognized clinico-immunological syndrome that presents with a movement disorder, cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, and epileptic seizures. A pure monosymptomatic presentation is rare; however, some patients present predominantly with a movement disorder in the absence of encephalopathy. Here, we describe three paediatric patients with an NMDAR antibody-mediated movement disorder: a 5-year-old female with acute onset hemichorea, a 10-year-old female with generalized chorea, and a 12-year-old male with abdominal myoclonus. These patients did not develop the characteristic encephalopathy syndrome seen in NMDAR encephalitis, but all three had other associated subtle cognitive deficits. The patients demonstrated good responses to immunotherapy.
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PMID:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody-associated movement disorder without encephalopathy. 2412 56

Stroke may be associated with different types of movement disorders, such as hyperkinetic syndromes (hemichorea-hemiballism, unilateral asterixis, limb-shaking, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus) and hypokinetic syndromes (especially vascular parkinsonism). However, movement disorders are rare and transient in acute stroke and, as a permanent consequence, are more often delayed. While ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes can happen at any level of the frontal-subcortical motor system, they can be explained most of the time by a dysfunction in the basal ganglia motor circuit. However, only brain MRI allows the involved structure(s) to be precisely located, and each syndrome is specific to the type of lesion. Treatment is above all symptomatic. Only limb-shaking syndrome requires urgent surgical treatment because of the low-perfusion hemodynamic state. The functional prognosis depends on the type of movement disorder.
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PMID:Movement disorders and stroke. 2747 17