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Query: UMLS:C0027066 (myoclonus)
 4,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Analysis of sleep in 5 severe bruxists revealed consistent sleep abnormalities. These abnormalities consisted of decreased REM latency (90%), decreased percentage of REM sleep (85%), and increased number of sleep stage transitions (75%). This sleep pattern suggests that bruxing can have a deleterious effect on sleep in otherwise healthy individuals. This effect on sleep can in the long run lead to difficulty in daytime functioning similar to the effects of sleep apnea or nocturnal myoclonus. These data also reveal a significant first night effect, hence future attempts at replicating and expanding these findings should take that into consideration. The small number of subjects studied, the lack of a standardized assessment of their daytime functioning, the lack of information regarding the degree of teethware and daytime bruxing activity limit the generalizability of our findings. A controlled study with a larger sample size can help further delineate the nature of such sleep changes as well as their impact on the patient's overall functioning.
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PMID:The effects of severe bruxism on sleep architecture: a preliminary report. 850 Feb 48

The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to search for possible associations between snoring and arousals. We searched our data base containing more than 2,000 records and selected only patients who 1) had objective measurements of snoring, 2) were not taking sedating medication, 3) did not have sleep apnea (apnea/ hypopnea index < 10) and 4) did not have periodic leg movements (myoclonus index < 5). This procedure left 367 patients available for analysis. We hypothesized that arousals observed in these patients were associated with snoring, and we performed univariate and multivariate regression analysis with arousals as the dependent variable, and age, body mass index, snoring, maximum nocturnal sound intensity and nocturnal oxygen saturation as the independent variables. The results showed that only snoring and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation were significant (p < 0.05) but weak determinants of arousals, accounting for only 7% of their variance. To examine whether snorers have more arousals than non-snorers, we compared a control group of non-snorers (< 50 snores/hour of sleep), with a group of heavy snorers (> 400 snores/hour of sleep). We found that the arousal index was significantly but weakly higher in snorers than non-snorers [mean +/- standard deviation (SD) = 14 +/- 8 vs. 10 +/- 6, p < 0.002]. Conversely, patients within the highest arousal quartile snored significantly more than those within the lowest quartile (snoring index 293 +/- 292 vs. 179 +/- 282, p < 0.008, respectively). We conclude that despite the limitations of this retrospective analysis, there appears to be an association between snoring and arousals, warranting further, properly designed prospective studies.
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PMID:Snoring and arousals: a retrospective analysis. 874 93

Sleep disorder is one of the commonest symptoms in organic brain diseases. Recent progresses in sleep medicine have identified some specific sleep syndromes such as sleep apnea syndrome, or nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. However, pathophysiological mechanism of sleep disorders associated with organic brain diseases have not been clarified. There have been few papers that addressed relation between sleep symptoms and areas of brain damage in organic brain diseases. In this article, I reviewed recent papers on sleep disorders associated with organic brain diseases. Special attention was paid on pathophysiology of the sleep disorders in such conditions.
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PMID:[Sleep disorders found in organic brain diseases]. 950 50

A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with presenting Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)-like symptoms and severe insomnia is presented. An 80-year-old alcoholic man with a 6 month history of tremors, ataxia, memory loss and confabulation, developed profound insomnia, confusion, and delirium with vivid hallucinations. Polysomnography revealed a marked reduction of sleep time, with central-type sleep apnea. Neither myoclonus nor periodic synchronous discharge (PSD) was observed. An autopsy revealed diffuse spongiform changes and astrocytosis throughout the cerebral gray matter, with severe involvement of the mammillary bodies and thalamus. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining was positive in kuru plaques in the cerebellum, PrP polymorphism at codon 129 was heterozygous Met/Val, and proteinase K resistant PrP (PrP(res)) was demonstrated by Western blotting. The lack of necrotizing lesions in the mammillary bodies, thalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter could rule out WE. The data suggest that the present case of CJD is consistent with PrP(res) type 2 (CJD M/V 2), but was unique in the lack of some typical CJD signs and the presence of signs of WE and sleep abnormalities.
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PMID:Wernicke encephalopathy-like symptoms as an early manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a chronic alcoholic. 1037 Oct 84

Sleep complaints are common among older people. As there are often multiple contributing factors, insomnia should be considered a symptom, and not a diagnosis. There is a high prevalence of sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus. When these primary sleep disorders are suspected, the patient should be referred for polysomnography. Use of hypnotics should be discouraged for chronic insomnia. More research is needed to clarify the role of light therapy and melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders in older people.
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PMID:Sleep disorders in older people. 1047 7

Despite an initial sedative effect, alcohol disrupts sleep persistently and should not be used as a sleeping aid. Nocturnal withdrawal symptoms may lead to an increased duration of wakefulness, and to tachycardia and sweating in the second half of the night. It is not known by which mechanism alcohol affects sleep; however, effects do not appear to depend on the stimulation of benzodiazepine receptors or the antagonism at adenosine receptors. Alcohol can exacerbate primary sleep disturbances such as sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus, and thereby contribute to excessive daytime sleepiness. The sleep of alcoholic patients is characterized by increased sleep latency, and reduced sleep efficiency, total sleep time, slow wave sleep and non-REM sleep. Even during abstinence, the changes in sleep architecture can persist for months or years, and might contribute to a relapse into alcoholism. The use of benzodiazepines or other hypnotics to treat alcohol-related sleep disturbances is not recommended.
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PMID:[Alcohol and sleep disorders]. 1080 84

This study examined the circadian phase adjustment of symptomatic elders ages 60-79 years in comparison with that of young, healthy adults ages 20-40 years. Seventy-two elders with complaints of insomnia or depression, and 30 young, healthy adults were assessed for 5-7 days at home. Sleep and illumination were recorded with Actillume wrist monitors and sleep diaries. Urine was collected over two 24-hr periods and assayed for 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-smt). The volunteers were then observed continuously for 5 nights and 4 days in the laboratory. In the laboratory, sleep periods were fixed at 8 hr with polysomnographic assessment of sleep, apnea-hypopnea, and nocturnal myoclonus. Circadian dispersion, defined as the mean variation of 6-smt acrophase from the median age-specific acrophase, was significantly greater in the older vs. young adults. Likewise, circadian malsynchronization, defined as the absolute number of hours (advance or delay) between the 6-smt acrophase and the middle of the sleep period, was significantly greater in the older vs. young volunteers. For the older volunteers, multiple regressions were calculated associating sleep with potential correlates of sleep disturbance. Nocturnal myoclonus and circadian malsynchronization were more strongly associated with sleep impairment than other factors (e.g., sleep apnea, depression). These observations suggest that circadian malsynchronization might be a common and significant cause of disturbed sleep among adults over age 60.
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PMID:Circadian abnormalities in older adults. 1158 62

Parkinson's disease is associated with classical Parkinsonian features that respond to dopaminergic therapy. Neuropsychiatric sequelae include dementia, major depression, dysthymia, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and sexual disorders. Panic attacks are particularly common. With treatment, visual hallucinations, paranoid delusions, mania, or delirium may evolve. Psychosis is a key factor in nursing home placement, and depression is the most significant predictor of quality of life. Clozapine may be the safest treatment for psychotic features, but more research is needed to establish the efficacy of antidepressant treatments. Dementia with Lewy bodies, the second most common dementia in the elderly, may present in association with systematized delusions, depression, or RBD. Early evidence suggests the utility of rivastigmine, donepezil, low-dose olanzapine, and quetiapine in treating DLB. Parkinson-plus syndromes generally lack a good response to dopaminergic treatment and evidence additional features, including dysautonomia, cerebellar and pontine features, eye signs, and other movement disorders. MSA is associated with dysautonomia and RBD. SND (MSA-P) is associated with frontal cognitive impairments, but dementia, psychosis, and mood disorders have not been strikingly apparent unless additional pathological findings are present. In SDS (MSA-A), impotence is almost ubiquitous; urinary incontinence is frequent; depression is occasional, and sleep apnea should be treated to avoid sudden death during sleep. OPCA neuropsychiatric correlates await further definition. Progressive supranuclear palsy neuropsychiatric features include apathy, subcortical dementia, pathological emotionality, mild depression and anxiety, and lack of appreciable response to donepezil. CBD usually is recognized by early frontal dementia with ideomotor apraxia, often in the right upper extremity, attended later by poorly responsive unilateral Parkinsonism, with additional signs including cortical reflex myoclonus, limb dystonia, alien limb, oculomotor apraxia when asked to look horizontally, depression, personality changes, and, occasionally, Kluver-Bucy syndrome. The neuropsychiatry of FTDP-17 involves apraxia, executive impairment, personality changes, hyperorality, and occasional psychosis. Future research in these Parkinsonian disorders should target the characterization of neuropsychiatric sequelae and their treatment.
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PMID:The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. 1555 Feb 93

The prevalence of sleep-related disorders (SRD) in adults in Turkey is unknown. The main objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of SRD in Sivas, Turkey. Adults living in Sivas, a city of Turkey from the central region of Anatolia at 20-107 years of age, in both genders, of the 5339 persons, who attended the survey 2638 (49.4%) were male and 2701 (50.6%) were female. The prevalence of insomnia, habitual snoring, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and day time hyper somnolence was 40.3%, 37.0%, 6.4%, 24.0% respectively. The prevalence rates of narcolepsy and nocturnal myoclonus was 30.6%, 40.1% respectively. There was a statistical significance between the persons of above 60 years old and another age groups (p< 0.05). But we did not find any significant difference between smokers and non-smokers, also between males and females about SRD prevalence (p> 0.05). However, sleep apnea prevalence was about 9 times higher in the persons suffering from hypertension than without hypertension. Also sleep apnea prevalence was 12 times higher in the persons suffering from overweight. This study has shown that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) prevalence in Turkey is as high as in other countries and may be more common.
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PMID:The prevalence of sleep related disorders in Sivas, Turkey. 1700 51

Sleep disorders are classified in dyssomnias, parasomnias, sleep disorder associated with medical and psychiatric disorders and proposed sleep disorders. Only the parasomnias have been studied as such in the newborn period. The parasomnias that occur in this age group are infant sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, sudden infant death syndrome, and benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. Infant sleep apnea includes three entities: (1) apnea of prematurity, (2), apparent life threatening episodes with apnea and (3) obstructive sleep apnea. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome can be associated with other autonomic system illness, such as Hirschsprung disease (Haddad syndrome) and neuroblastoma. The implementation of the supine sleep position and smoking free homes has diminished the frequency of sudden infant death syndrome. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus should be considered in all newborns with a normal exam between the episodes when they always occur during sleep. This entity may be mistaken for status epilepticus, because it is associated with increases in heart rate. Benzodiazepines prolongs the duration of the episodes.
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PMID:[Sleep disorders in the newborn]. 1842 81


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