Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Quinupristin/dalfopristin displays in-vitro bacteriostatic activity against all Legionella spp. (MICs = 0.06-2 mg/L), with Legionella pneumophila usually being at least two-fold more sensitive to quinupristin/dalfopristin than Legionella bozemanii, Legionella dumoffii, Legionella gormanii and Legionella micdadei (MIC = 0.06-2 vs 1-2 mg/L, respectively). Against Legionella spp., quinupristin/dalfopristin was at least as active as erythromycin. Quinupristin/dalfopristin was active in vitro against all Mycoplasma spp. tested (MIC = 0.05-2 mg/L), with Mycoplasma hominis being less susceptible than other species. Quinupristin/dalfopristin was active against erythromycin-resistant strains of Mycoplasma fermentans and M. hominis (MIC90 = 0.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively), and doxycycline-resistant strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (MIC90 = 1 mg/L). The in-vitro bacteriostatic activity against Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium (MIC90 = 0.1 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively) was similar to that of erythromycin and doxycycline. Quinupristin/dalfopristin was actively taken up by murine macrophages, and incubation of the drug (2.5 mg/L) with macrophages containing ingested Staphylococcus aureus resulted in the death of 70% of intracellular bacteria within 120 min. Intracellular concentrations of quinupristin/dalfopristin reached 50 and 30 times the extracellular concentration, respectively, showing that these compounds readily penetrate into cells. The intracellular activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin may make it suitable for use in some, presently difficult-to-treat, infections caused by intracellular organisms.
 ...
PMID:A review of the in-vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against intracellular pathogens and mycoplasmas. 951 Oct 64

The in vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and streptogramin RPR 106972 were determined with 44 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and compared to those of macrolides, minocycline, and quinolones. All isolates tested were highly susceptible to macrolides and to quinupristin-dalfopristin (MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [MIC90], 0.0625 microg/ml), followed by RPR 106972 (MIC90, 0.5 microg/ml), quinolones, and minocycline.
 ...
PMID:In vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and the streptogramin RPR 106972 against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 951 55

Azithromycin (AZM), a new oral macrolide antibiotic, in 10% fine granules or 100 mg capsules was given to pediatric patients to treat various infections. The following results were obtained in our studies of AZM for its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates, its pharmacokinetics, its efficacy, and its safety. 1. MICs of AZM, erythromycin (EM) and clarithromycin (CAM) were determined against a total of 57 strains all at 10(6) cfu/ml. Among Gram-positive cocci, MICs of AZM ranged from 0.78 to > 100 micrograms/ml against Staphylococcus aureus (20 strains), from 0.05 to 0.1 microgram/ml against Streptococcus pyogenes (11 strains), and from 0.0125 to 3.13 micrograms/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 strains). These MICs were similar to those of the other macrolides. Among Gram-negative bacilli, MICs of AZM were 0.05 micrograms/ml against Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis (1 strain), from 0.78 to 3.13 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus influenzae (9 strains), 0.78 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1 strain) and 6.25 micrograms/ml against salmonella sp. (1 strain). These values were similar to or lower than those of the other macrolides. Against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, MICs of AZM were < or = 0.0008 micrograms/ml in three strains. One strain of M. pneumoniae showed tolerance to AZM at MIC 25 micrograms/ml. The other agents exhibited higher MIC than AZM against this organism. 2. Plasma samples were collected from five patients receiving fine granules and four patients receiving capsules for drug level determination. The patients received AZM at 10.0 approximately 16.3 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days. Drug concentrations in plasma at two hours after Day 3 dosing were in a range between 0.02 and 0.19 micrograms/ml for fine granules and were in a range between 0.11 and 0.42 micrograms/ml for capsules. 3. Urine samples were collected from four patients receiving fine granules and four patients receiving capsules. Drug levels were determined to be 3 micrograms/ml at post-treatment 48 hours for fine granules and post-treatment 72 hours for capsules. Urinary excretion rates of AZM in three patients on capsules lied in a range between 4.69 and 10.17%. 4. Effectiveness of AZM in fine granules was evaluated in 128 patients having a total of 19 different infections. AZM was rated "excellent" in 51 patients, "good" in 63, "fair" in 8, "poor" in 6, resulting in an efficacy rate of 89.1%. Effectiveness of AZM in capsular form was evaluated in 23 patients with five different infections. AZM was found "excellent" in 13 patients and "good" in 10, resulting in an efficacy rate of 100%. 5. AZM in fine granules eradicated 45 strains of 54 in 8 different bacteria. AZM in capsules eradicated 9 strains of 10 strains in 6 different bacteria. 6. As for adverse reactions, one patient complained of eruption, one vomiting, one loose stool, five diarrhea, when administered with fine granular form of AZM. One patient on AZM capsules experienced urticaria and vomiting. 7. As for abnormal laboratory changes, three patients were found with decreased WBC, seven with increased eosinophil, two with increased GOT and GPT, one with increased GPT. They were all on fine granular form of AZM. As far as abnormalities found in patients administered with AZM in capsular form, two showed decreased WBC, one decreased WBC along with increased eosinophil, and three increased eosinophil.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical study on azithromycin in 10% fine granules and 100mg capsules in the field of pediatrics]. 963 60

The susceptibilities of 40 strains of various Mycoplasma species to 10 classes of antimicrobial agents were compared in vitro by a broth microdilution method. The strains tested comprised 20 strains of four AIDS-associated species--M. penetrans (1 strain), M. fermentas (5 strains), M. pirum (6 strains) and M. genitalium (8 strains)--nine strains of the urogenital tract species M. hominis and 11 strains of M. pneumoniae. The results demonstrated wide variation in the susceptibilities of the different Mycoplasma spp. to different classes of antimicrobial agent. All the mycoplasmas were susceptible or highly susceptible to the fluoroquinolones, with sparfloxacin the most active, and to the diterpine antibiotic tiamulin. M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium strains were also highly susceptible to the macrolides, particularly azithromycin and had similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns to most other antimicrobial agents. However, all strains of M. genitalium were resistant to streptomycin (MIC 250->500 mg/L) whereas all M. pneumoniae isolates, except the MAC strain, were susceptible (MICs 1.25-12.5 mg/L). M. pirum isolates varied considerably in their susceptibility to macrolides (MIC range versus azithromycin 0.0025->100 mg/L). M. fermentans strains were susceptible to the tetracyclines, lincosamides and mupirocin, but varied in susceptibility to aminoglycosides. Most M. hominis strains were susceptible to the tetracyclines and all were susceptible to clindamycin and mupirocin. M. penetrans GTU 54 was susceptible to azithromycin, the tetracyclines and lincosamides as well as to the fluoroquinolones and tiamulin.
 ...
PMID:Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agent in vitro. 985 48

Five clinical isolates of Mycoplasma hominis from three different patients were examined for resistance to fluoroquinolones; some of these isolates were probably identical. All five isolates harbored amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of both DNA gyrase (GyrA) and topoisomerase IV (ParC or ParE). Furthermore, the novobiocin MIC for three isolates showed a significant increase. This is the first characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical mycoplasma isolates from humans.
 ...
PMID:Mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Mycoplasma hominis. 1010 8

The use of macrolides for treatment of respiratory complaints has been complicated by susceptibility test conditions that adversely effect the in vitro test results and perceived potencies of these compounds. Dirithromycin was studied as to its in vitro activity compared to other macrolides as well as the effects that environmental incubation variations and inoculum concentrations may have on susceptibility results. Dirithromycin was less active than other macrolides tested (azithromycin clarithromycin, erythromycin) against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis with MIC90 values of 16, 32, and 1 microgram/ml, respectively; an activity that was most similar to roxithromycin. This reduced activity may be compensated by the superior pharmacokinetic properties that dirithromycin possesses compared to other members in its class. Method variation studies show that incubation in CO2 environments increase the MIC values for all macrolide compounds and dirithromycin was most effected by pH changes in three in vitro methods tested (Etest [AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden] broth microdilution, and disk diffusion). Variations in inoculum concentration had minimal effect on dirithromycin potency. In addition the variability (lack of reproducibility) of the test results with dirithromycin were not significant. Dirithromycin is an alternative therapeutic choice among macrolide compounds for treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections caused by various streptococci, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, and also possesses a modest in vitro potency versus H. influenzae coupled with excellent pharmacokinetic properties. In vitro tests with dirithromycin will continue to be problematic for H. influenzae because of the adverse effects of recommended CO2 incubation for some standardized methods or commercial products (Etest).
 ...
PMID:Comparative in vitro evaluation of dirithromycin tested against recent clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, including effects of medium supplements and test conditions on MIC results. 1021 55

The in vitro and in vivo activities of T-3811ME, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. T-3811, a free base of T-3811ME, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In particular, T-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) of 0.025 to 6.25 microgram/ml. T-3811 was the most active agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, including penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP). T-3811 also showed potent activity against quinolone-resistant gram-positive cocci with GyrA and ParC (GrlA) mutations. The activity of T-3811 against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative gram-negative rods was comparable to that of trovafloxacin. In common with other fluoroquinolones, T-3811 was highly active against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Legionella sp., with MIC90s of 0.0125 to 0.1 microgram/ml. T-3811 showed a potent activity against anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile. T-3811 was the most active agent against C. trachomatis (MIC, 0.008 microgram/ml) and M. pneumoniae (MIC90, 0.0313 microgram/ml). The activity of T-3811 against M. tuberculosis (MIC90, 0.0625 microgram/ml) was potent and superior to that of trovafloxacin. In experimental systemic infection with a GrlA mutant of S. aureus and experimental pneumonia with PRSP in mice, T-3811ME showed excellent therapeutic efficacy in oral and subcutaneous administrations.
 ...
PMID:In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of T-3811ME, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone. 1022 17

The in-vitro activity of grepafloxacin, a new oral fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was compared with those of three other fluoroquinolones and two unrelated antimicrobials, doxycycline and erythromycin, against various Mycoplasma spp. For 65 mycoplasma and 42 ureaplasma strains, grepafloxacin (MIC range 0.03-2 mg/L) was some two to 16 times more active than ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, showing similar activity to that of sparfloxacin. MBCs of grepafloxacin increased two- to 16-fold when compared with MICs and were comparable to those of sparfloxacin, and lower than those of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.
 ...
PMID:In-vitro activity of grepafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, against mycoplasmas. 1038 95

The in vitro activity of and pathogen responses to sparfloxacin were compared with those of standard therapies for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia, complicated skin or skin-structure infections, urinary tract infections, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and acute maxillary sinusitis in 7 multicenter controlled trials in North America. Sparfloxacin was administered orally as a 400-mg loading dose followed by 200 mg once daily for up to 10 days. The bacteriologic efficacy of sparfloxacin (84% to 95%) was comparable to that of comparator drugs (77% to 100%). Sparfloxacin was generally 2 to 8 times more active (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of strains tested [MIC90]: 0.03 to 0.5 microg/mL) than comparators against common pathogens isolated in community-acquired infections, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, including penicillin-resistant strains; Moraxella catarrhalis; Haemophilus influenzae; Streptococcus pyogenes; and Staphylococcus aureus. Sparfloxacin was also effective against Chlamydia and Mycoplasma species. The emergence of resistance was uncommon during sparfloxacin therapy (0.3% of 1100 cases). Higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve/MIC and maximum plasma concentration/MIC ratios for sparfloxacin were associated with clinical and bacteriologic efficacy, whereas lower ratios were associated with clinical and bacteriologic failure. The clinical efficacy of sparfloxacin (80% to 95%) was comparable to that obtained with the comparator drugs (71% to 92%). In addition, sparfloxacin was well tolerated and had an overall frequency of related adverse events similar to that of the comparators. There was a higher frequency of photosensitivity reactions but a lower level of digestive adverse events with sparfloxacin compared with comparators. Sparfloxacin is a suitable therapeutic alternative for the empiric treatment of respiratory tract infections owing to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and activity against typical and atypical respiratory tract pathogens, even in geographic areas with a high incidence of penicillin resistance.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of the in vitro activity of and pathogen responses to sparfloxacin with those of other agents in the treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin and skin-structure infections. 1039 75

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a frequent cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infection including pneumonia and bronchitis. Quinolones have attracted interest as potential therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections because they are active against a wide range of pathogens including C. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The in vitro susceptibilities of C. pneumoniae were determined for grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Isolates of C. pneumoniae tested included two reference strains, TW-183 and CM-1, and 12 recent clinical isolates from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Susceptibility testing was performed in HEp-2 cells grown in 96-well microtiter plates. The MIC was the lowest antibiotic concentration at which no inclusions were seen. The MBC was the lowest concentration which resulted in no inclusions after passage in antibiotic-free medium. Grepafloxacin was the most active quinolone tested with an MIC50 of 0.125 mg/l, MIC90 and MBC90 of 0.5 mg/l. Grepafloxacin may have a role in the treatment of C. pneumoniae infections, but prospective clinical studies utilizing culture are lacking.
 ...
PMID:Activity of grepafloxacin and other fluoroquinones and newer macrolides against recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. 1041 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>