Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Azithromycin (Zithromac), a 15-membered ring macrolide antibacterial agent, was approved to be manufactured in Japan in March 2000. It showed good in vitro and/or in vivo antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus micros, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Its activity against H. influenzae was particularly more potent than that of currently used macrolide antibacterial agents. After oral administration to patients, azithromycin was readily absorbed and became widely distributed throughout the body, achieving higher concentrations in tissues and phagocytic cells than in serum or plasma. Its distribution into phagocytes was as high as more than 10 times that of erythromycin, and azithromycin was readily released from phagocytes in the presence of S. aureus. In experimentally infected mice, the concentration of azithromycin was higher in infected tissues than in uninfected tissues, which indicated that azithromycin was selectively delivered to infected tissues by migrating phagocytes. These pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties were reflected in good clinical results for the treatment of respiratory infections and other infections with once daily dosing for 3 days.
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PMID:[Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin (Zithromac), a novel 15-membered ring macrolide antibacterial agent]. 1141 44

Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children throughout the world. Vaccines are available for some organisms, but they are underutilized and/or still in development. To evaluate the potential impact of vaccines, we review studies in which the etiology of childhood community-acquired pneumonia was recorded. In North America and Europe (9 studies), the etiology of pneumonia was established in 62% of studied children (range 43%-88%) by use of noninvasive specific methods for microbiologic diagnosis. The most often identified agents were S. pneumoniae (22%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (20%), Haemophilus influenzae (7%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (15%). In Africa and South America (8 studies), bacteria were recovered from 56% (range 32%-68%) of severely ill children studied by lung aspirate. The most often isolated bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (33%) and Haemophilus influenzae (21%). A high percentage of H. influenzae strains were not serotype b. Throughout the world, children requiring hospitalization were most likely to have infection caused by pneumococcus, H. influenzae or RSV. Out patients also had Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Countries in Africa and Asia recorded 2 to 10 times more children with pneumonia (7 to 40/100 annually) than in the USA. Widespread use of pneumococcal and H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccines could reduce the frequency of childhood pneumonia by one-third. Further reduction will require development of non-type b H. influenzae, RSV and M. pneumoniae vaccines. This could result in a > 50% reduction of pneumonia in children. This goal should be sought and achieved as soon as possible.
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PMID:Etiology of childhood community acquired pneumonia and its implications for vaccination. 1149 14

Telithromycin, the first of the ketolide antimicrobials, has been specifically designed to provide potent activity against common and atypical/intracellular or cell-associated respiratory pathogens, including those that are resistant to beta-lactams and/or macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB (MLS(B)) antimicrobials. Against gram-positive cocci, telithromycin possesses more potent activity in vitro and in vivo than the macrolides clarithromycin and azithromycin. It retains its activity against erm-(MLS(B)) or mef-mediated macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes and against Staphylococcus aureus resistant to macrolides through inducible MLS(B) mechanisms. Telithromycin also possesses high activity against the Gram-negative pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, regardless of beta-lactamase production. In vitro, it shows similar activity to azithromycin against H. influenzae, while in vivo its activity against H. influenzae is higher than that of azithromycin. Telithromycin's spectrum of activity also extends to the atypical, intracellular and cell-associated pathogens Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. In vitro, telithromycin does not induce MLS(B) resistance and it shows low potential to select for resistance or cross-resistance to other antimicrobials. These characteristics indicate that telithromycin will have an important clinical role in the empirical treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Microbiological profile of telithromycin, the first ketolide antimicrobial. 1152 58

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is associated with frequent and often severe infections as a result of immune function impairment and functional asplenia. Also, infection can trigger a vasoocclusive crisis. Pneumonococcal bacteremia and meningitis due to S. pneumoniae are often lethal and justify the penicillin prophylaxis, which has provided a dramatic decrease in early mortality bacterial pneumonia is common in patients younger than four years, with most cases being due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Acute chest syndrome is both a difficult differential diagnosis and a common concomitant of bacterial pneumonia, because they are often intricated. Osteomyelitis is generally due to Salmonella, most often S. enteritidis. Multiple foci are common and treatment is difficult, with some patients developing chronic osteomyelitis with sequestration. Osteomyelitis is less frequent in developed countries and must been differentiated with bone infarction by use of bone scintigraphy. Parvovirus B19 infection causes acute erythroblastopenias. Malaria does not result in cerebral malaria, but can lead to severe anaemia or vasoocclusive crisis, and should therefore be effectively prevented. Antimicrobials are generally selected for efficacy against pneumococci (septicemia, meningitis), Salmonella (osteomyelitis, meningitis), and M. pneumoniae (pneumonia). Prophylactic therapy is of paramount importance and relies on long-term or lifelong penicillin therapy started at three months of age and no closely-spaced immunizations, most notably against peumococci, hepatitis B virus, S. typhi and H. influenzae. Resistant pneumococcal strains have not been reported to cause prophylactic treatment failures. New conjugated pneumococcal vaccines are effective in protecting very young infants and should therefore be used in sickle cell patients.
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PMID:[Severe infections in children with sickle cell disease: clinical aspects and prevention]. 1158 20

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) predisposes a child to infections for various reasons, including increased bone marrow turnover, poor perfusion and functional asplenia leading to decreased opsonisation of polysaccharide encapsulated organisms. Bacteria and viruses that most frequently cause serious infections in children with sickle cell disease are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, parvovirus B19 and hepatitis A, B and C viruses. Penicillin prophylaxis has decreased the incidence of infection-related morbidity and mortality significantly in children with SCA. Children <3 years of age are administered oral penicillin 125mg twice daily, and the dose is increased to 250mg twice daily for the >3 to 5 year age group. Adherence to the penicillin prophylactic regimen is recommended for children with SCA who are >5 years of age. For children with SCA who have recurrent invasive pneumococcal infections, an effort is made to keep the child on penicillin prophylaxis indefinitely. The administration of various childhood vaccines has also made an appreciable impact on the overall morbidity and mortality associated with infection in children with SCA. The administration of the heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) has provided control of invasive pneumococcal infections, and the prophylactic use of the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine has reduced the incidence of septicaemia and meningitis caused by this organism. Other vaccines used prophylactically in children with SCA include hepatitis A and B, and vaccines against influenza and varicella viruses. The immediate administration of intravenous antibacterials, after appropriate blood and urine cultures, is of great importance in the treatment of the febrile child with SCA. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime have been recommended for the treatment of septic episodes in SCA associated with S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus and Salmonella spp. Infection with Yersinia enterocolitica may be treated with cefotaxime or an aminoglycoside. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in SCA is unknown. Effective therapies include metronidazole, tetracycline or amoxicillin. Parvovirus infections require supportive care and specific antiviral therapy is not indicated. The judicious use of antimicrobials is encouraged in view of the worldwide emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The long term sequelae associated with infections in children with SCA can be decreased with the implementation of immunisation programmes and effective and prompt treatment with appropriate antibacterials.
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PMID:Prevention and management of infection in children with sickle cell anaemia. 1173 65

We have performed transtracheal aspiration (TTA) in 1,416 patients, who were suspected to have bronchopulmonary infection, in order to collect non-contaminated specimens directly from the lower airway. The overall isolation rates in 1,416 TTA were 68.7% for any microorganisms. Aerobes had a high incidence but many kinds of microorganisms were associated with bronchopulmonary infections. Haemophilus influenzae was the major pathogen in patients with acute bronchitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most important pathogen and mycoplasma was often isolated in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Major pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia consisted of alpha-streptococcus spp., anaerobes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anaerobes were isolated from transtracheal aspirates in 20 of 33 episodes of lung abscesses. H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa were the main persistent pathogens and H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and anaerobes were important exacerbated pathogens in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract infection. S. pneumoniae was isolated more from TTA than expectorated sputa. Oropharyngeal flora bacteria were easily isolated in the culture of expectorated sputa. We assessed the final diagnosis or causative factor in 443 patients whom no microorganism was isolated from transtracheal aspirates. The final diagnosis was infectious diseases in 52 patients (11.7%) and non-infectious diseases in 80 patients (18.1%), respectively. The causative factor was unsuited TTA sample in 81 patients (18.3%), preceding antimicrobial chemotherapy in 95 patients (21.4%) and unknown in 135 patients (30.5%), respectively. The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary infections is complex and various microorganisms are associated with pathogens of bronchopulmonary infections. Therefore, we should accurately diagnose the pathogens in patients with bronchopulmonary infections. TTA is one of the useful methods that we can accurately detect the respiratory pathogens.
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PMID:[Pathogenetic study on bronchopulmonary infections in 1,416 patients by transtracheal aspiration method]. 1176 79

Pneumonia is a serious illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The interpretation guidelines for pneumonia management requires knowledge of both the clinical presentation of the disease and local epidemiology. We studied the clinical features, initial laboratory results, antibiotic sensitivities, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with acute community-acquired pneumonia between January 1999 and December 2000 at Srinagarind Hospital. The causative organisms were identified in only 52.2% patients; Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 23.1% of infections. Other common causes included Klebsiellapneumoniae (19.2%), Burkholderia pseudomallei (15.4%), Hemophilus influenzae (11.5%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (4.6%). Younger patients were more likely to be infected with M. pneumoniae, while the mean age of those with other types of infections was 50. Healthy adults were infected with M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae; specific pathogens attacked patients with certain co-morbidity : i) diabetes mellitus and ageing, ii) diabetes mellitus and renal disease, iii) cardiovascular diseases, and iv) connective tissue diseases and steroid-use; these patients were vulnerable to i) K. pneumoniae, ii) B. pseudomallei, iii) H. influenzae, and iv) S. aureus respectively. White blood cell counts were normal in M. pneumoniae infection. Gram-stained sputum had some limitations, especially when determining Gram-negative infections; chest x-rays could not differentiate pathogens. Bactermia was found in one half of patients infected with B. pseudomallei and S. aureus. Antibiotic-resistant organisms were not common in our study. Because morbidity and mortality were high among patients infected with S. aureus and B. pseudomallei, empirical antibiotic treatment should be considered in suspected cases, especially when patients present with acute severe community-acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:Clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia treated at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 1223 37

Gatifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, was approved in April 2002 and launched in June 2002. Gatifloxacin shows a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobic, and atypical pathogens. The activity is higher than those of other quinolones against RTI pathogens of S. pneumoniae including the penicillin-resistant strains, H. influenzae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. This drug strongly inhibits the type II topoisomerase, DNA gyrase, and topoisomerase IV of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus to nearly the same extent, leading to the potent activity and low resistance. After an oral administration in humans, gatifloxacin is well absorbed and distributed, and the majority is excreted in the urine as the unchanged form. Its serum half-life is 7-8 h. The clinical effectiveness was observed for various infectious diseases including RTI and UTI. The bacterial eradication rate is 94.1% for Gram-positives, 90.7% for Gram-negatives, and 97.7% for anaerobes. In particular, gatifloxacin showed a high eradication rate of 98.7% for S. pneumoniae. The total cure rate and eradication rate of gatifloxacin in clinical studies are 91.1% and 93.3%, respectively, indicating that the potent activity and good PK profile account for its clinical efficacy.
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PMID:[Antibacterial property and clinical effect of gatifloxacin, a novel quinolone antibacterial agent]. 1283 39

An acute frequently rapidly fatal respiratory illness occurring as an epidemic disease in Argentine swine has been shown to have a bacterium of the genus Hemophilus as its causative agent. This organism, for which the name Hemophilus pleuropneumoniae is suggested, causes a singular, fulminating pleuropneumonia in experimental swine. The very marked effectiveness of H. pleuropneumoniae as a respiratory pathogen contrasts strikingly with the relatively mild pathogenicity of the well known swine Hemophilus, H. influenzae suis, which, in concert with a virus, causes a less highly fatal respiratory ailment, swine influenza. Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) is contagious under experimental conditions. In the pathogenesis of the disease, histopathological studies of early cases suggest that the lymphatics of the lung and pleura may be primarily involved and that the pneumonia and pleuritis then proceed from these initial sites of reaction.
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PMID:PORCINE CONTAGIOUS PLEUROPNEUMONIA. I. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION, ETIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY. 1412 7

Hemophilus pleuropneumoniae is highly pathogenic for swine when given intranasally. As few as 100 organisms induce characteristic porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) and, when as many as one-half million are given, the infection usually proceeds to a fatal termination. While the organism is highly pathogenic when introduced by way of the respiratory tract, it is innocuous when given subcutaneously even in large numbers. Swine that have been inoculated subcutaneously are rendered solidly immune to infection with H. pleuropneumoniae intranasally. The marked pathogenicity of H. pleuropneumoniae for swine has been contrasted with the lack of pathogenicity of another swine Hemophilus, H. influenzae suis. It has been pointed out that, in its high degree of pathogenicity, in its pneumotropism, and in its immunogenicity by a non-respiratory route of inoculation, H. pleuropneumoniae appears to resemble certain viruses more than it does a bacterium.
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PMID:PORCINE CONTAGIOUS PLEUROPNEUMONIA. II. STUDIES OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT, HEMOPHILUS PLEUROPNEUMONIAE. 1412 8


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