Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report an autopsy case of granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system (GANS) complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). A 88-year old female was admitted because of progressive mental deterioration, fever, and vomiting. A computed tomogram disclosed bilateral periventricular lucency, and a low-density area in the right occipital lobe. Laboratory studies during her hospital stay, revealed hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased antidiuretic hormone. Treatment with antibiotics, hypertonic saline solution, and steroids, and water restriction was ineffective, and the patient died six weeks after admission. Autopsy examination of the brain revealed slightly turbid meninges with multiple small infarctions in the corona raiata of both cerebral hemispheres. Microscopic study disclosed granulomatous inflammation with many giant cells in the walls of small and medium sized vessels, and the adventitia and media were more involved than the intima. Their lumens were narrowed, and many thrombi were observed. Extensive non-granulomatous inflammatory change was found mainly in the subarachnoid space. All of these findings were similar to the GANS firstly reported by Cravioto et al, in 1959. Since the blood vessels in the central nervous system play an important part in any inflammatory conditions and the blood vessels may be involved by bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral meningitis, various microorganisms have been suspected as the cause of GANS, including mycoplasma, herpes zoster, herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, and human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Some reported cases have been associated with Hodgkin's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We could not identify any cause in our case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]. 760 90

The major unidentified polar lipid (compound X), recently demonstrated in the cell membrane of Mycoplasma fermentans, was purified by preparative silicic acid column chromatography. Chemical analyses of acid-hydrolyzed compound X revealed that, in addition to fatty acids, it contains glycerol, choline and phosphate in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:2, and an amino acid that has a retention time similar to that of homoserine. The methylated fatty acid fraction of compound X was subjected to gas-liquid chromatography and revealed methyl palmitate and methyl stearate in a 4.6:1 molar ratio. The structure of compound X was further analyzed by combining mass spectrometry, 31P-NMR and 1H-NMR. The positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra showed a major component of M(r) 1048 and a minor component of M(r) 1076. Two different phosphate groups were identified in each of the components by 31P-NMR. Fast atom bombardment, tandem mass spectrometry, negative and positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry together with mass spectra analyses of the water-soluble and ether-soluble products obtained by methanolysis has shown that, in addition to palmitic and stearic acid residues, the presence of glycerol, ribitol, cholinephosphate and homoserinephosphate residues. It is suggested that the apparent structure of compound X is either a phosphatidylcholine attached via a phosphotriester bond to a ribitolphosphohomoserine moiety or a phosphatidylhomoserine attached via a phosphotriester bond to a ribitolphosphocholine moiety. The major molecular species is the dipalmitoylderivative (M(r) 1048), whereas the minor molecular species is a stearoyl palmitoyl derivative (M(r) 1076).
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PMID:An unusual polar lipid from the cell membrane of Mycoplasma fermentans. 786 52

Norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) is a new water-soluble fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. The in vitro activity of NFN for microorganisms isolated from swine and the pharmacokinetic properties of NFN following single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration were investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of NFN for a wide range of reference (ATCC-American Type Culture Collection) microbial swine isolates, comprising 21 bacterial and 5 mycoplasmal species, ranged between 0.03 micrograms/ml (for Salmonella cholerasuis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia) and 12.5 micrograms/ml (for Streptococcus porcinus). The MIC of NFN for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia of pigs, was < 1.0 microgram/ml although M. hyosynoviae was less sensitive, with a MIC value of 3.12 micrograms/ml. The MIC values of the drug for swine field isolates, comprising 8 bacterial species, were in good agreement with the values determined for the corresponding ATCC strains. Pharmacokinetic values for NFN were calculated following i. v. administration at 7.0 mg/kg and i. m. and s. c. administration at 14.0 mg/kg in a 3-way cross over study involving 6 pigs. Plasma concentrations of unchanged drug were determined by HPLC during 24 h post injection. Plasma NFN concentrations measured after i.v. dosing best fitted a 2-compartment open system pharmacokinetic model. The harmonic mean distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) and elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) were 4.2 minutes and 2.1 h, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) was 2.9 +/- 0.6 h and the steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was 3.2 +/- 0.1 l/kg. The mean t1/2 beta values after either i. m. or s. c. administration were 4.45 h with very rapid absorption rates (< 15 min to peak plasma drug concentration). Bioavailability was 51-64%. Less than 20% and 25% of the dose were excreted in the urine as parent drug during the first 24 h after i.v. and s.c. dosing, respectively whereas the amount of unchanged drug recovered in the feces was very small (1.3 to 1.6% of the dose). The pharmacokinetic and MIC data generated in the course of the present study suggest that a dose schedule of 14.0 mg/kg injected i. m. or s. c. every 24 h is capable of achieving and maintaining tissue drug concentrations of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of the most common bacterial and mycoplasmal infections in swine.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacokinetic characterization of norfloxacin nicotinate in swine following systemic administration. 794 48

The antipyretic effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) and flunixin (2 mg/kg) were studied in pigs. The drugs were administered intramuscularly at 8 and 32 h following endobronchial challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infected (non-medicated) and non-infected (non-medicated) controls were used. Endobronchial challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae induced laboured breathing, coughing, fever, reduced food and water consumption and increased white blood cell counts. At autopsy, pleuropneumonia was evident. Ketoprofen showed a highly significant antipyretic effect but flunixin did not. The decrease in food consumption of ketoprofen-treated pigs was significantly less than that of the infected (non-medicated) controls. Blood parameters were not significantly influenced by either NSAID and, at necropsy, gastric and renal side-effects were not observed for either drug.
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PMID:Effects of ketoprofen and flunixin in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. 796 50

Mycoplasmal products may exert a number of diverse in vitro effects on cells of the immune system. A macrophage-activating substance from Mycoplasma fermentans was described in this laboratory and named mycoplasma-derived high-molecular-weight material (MDHM). Using synthesis of nitric oxide by peritoneal cells from endotoxin low-responder mice as an assay system, MDHM was purified as follows. After freeze-thawing of M. fermentans, MDHM activity was sedimented with the membrane fraction. Membranes were delipidated with chloroform-methanol, and MDHM activity was extracted with octyl glucoside. Coextracted proteins were degraded by proteinase K. MDHM was further purified by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and eluted in one major and one minor peak of activity. Neither carbohydrates nor amino acids were found as constituents. MDHM had the following properties: it partitioned into the phenol phase upon phenol-water extraction and into the Triton phase after extraction with Triton X-114. MDHM was not inactivated by either phospholipase A2 or triglyceride lipases. However, mild periodate treatment led to a > 95% loss of activity. Also, alkaline hydrolysis at 25 degrees C completely abolished MDHM activity with a half-life of 2 min. MDHM activity was spread out over a wide molecular weight range upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes, whereas after proteinase treatment MDHM activity migrated close to the front. These features of MDHM, taken together, speak in favor of an amphiphilic molecule with a lipid moiety carrying fatty acids in ester linkage and a polyol moiety of unknown character. MDHM was active in the nanogram-per-milliliter range, activating macrophages to release nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor.
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PMID:Purification and partial biochemical characterization of a Mycoplasma fermentans-derived substance that activates macrophages to release nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6. 806 96

In a preliminary experiment, a field infection with Mycoplasma iowae was simulated by inoculating turkey eggs with various doses of two strains of M. iowae immediately before incubation. The strain and dose chosen for further study were those that best multiplied and resulted in infection of embryos from which the organism could be isolated after 25 days of incubation. Ten turkey hens free from infection with mycoplasmae were housed in isolation. The hens were given enrofloxacin in the drinking water at a concentration of 50 ppm on 3 successive days, on two occasions at intervals of 14 days. Within 48 hours of lay, their eggs were each inoculated with 0.1 ml of the selected strain and dose (10(5) colony-forming units/ml) of M. iowae. M. iowae was recovered from almost all eggs laid by hens before the initial medication but not from any of the eggs laid for several days after each period of medication. Thereafter, the organism could be recovered from a high proportion of inoculated eggs. The treatment of infected turkey laying flocks with enrofloxacin at strategic periods might be helpful in the control of this Mycoplasma by limiting both vertical and horizontal transmission.
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PMID:A model for testing the efficacy of enrofloxacin (Baytril) administered to turkey hens in the control of Mycoplasma iowae infection in eggs and embryos. 814 33

A construct of the Mycoplasma pulmonis (MP) genomic library, using randomly sheared DNA, was cloned in lambda gt11 and transfected into C600 Escherichia coli organisms. Clones of E. coli expressing a fusion protein reactive with anti-MP and monospecific serum were transferred orally or intravenously into Balb/c mice. Expression of the fusion protein was induced by adding isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside to the drinking water. This vaccination protocol led to local and systemic antibody formation, to generation of immune lymphocytes and to protection against large numbers of virulent MP organisms. This approach might be generally successful in preventing infectious disease.
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PMID:Protection of mice against experimental murine mycoplasmosis by a Mycoplasma pulmonis immunogen in lysogenized Escherichia coli. 788 30

The spectrum of organisms responsible for lower respiratory tract infection in chronically ventilated neonates is poorly defined. During an 18-month period 63 infants with a respiratory deterioration defined as an increase in fractional inspired O2 concentration > or = 20% and/or mean airway pressure > or = 3 cm H2O were evaluated for pulmonary infection. These infants were compared with 58 stable control ventilated infants. Tracheal aspirates for culture and Gram stain were taken from both groups and were cultured for bacteria, viruses, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. In addition each infant had complete blood counts with differential and chest roentgenograms evaluated. Positive tracheal aspirates defined as a heavy growth of a single or two bacterial organisms, and/or any growth of virus, Chlamydia and U. urealyticum were found in 23 of 63 study patients and 20 of 58 controls (P > 0.05). The most frequent isolate in both groups was U. urealyticum. Chest radiographs were positive (new changes, particularly atelectasis and infiltrates) more frequently in the study group than in controls, but complete blood count and tracheal aspirate Gram-stained smears were not helpful in discerning colonization from infection. We conclude that positive tracheal aspirates occur with equal frequency among infants with a clinical suspicion of lower respiratory tract infection and in "well" controls. Chest roentgenogram may be a useful adjunctive test to discriminate between colonization and lower respiratory tract infection.
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PMID:Failure of tracheal aspirate cultures to define the cause of respiratory deteriorations in neonates. 834 96

The efficacy of danofloxacin was compared with that of tylosin in the control of induced mycoplasmosis. In three experiments, disease was induced in broiler chicks by intrapulmonary injection of field isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) originating from Brazil, a different isolate being used for each experiment. Starting the day after inoculation, groups of chicks were medicated for 3 days via the drinking water with danofloxacin (50 ppm) or tylosin (500 ppm) or were left as unmedicated controls. Chicks were observed for 21 days. A severe mycoplasmosis was induced in unmedicated birds, characterized by mortality, depression, and respiratory signs. Danofloxacin was highly efficacious in controlling this infection in all three experiments, whereas tylosin was efficacious in only one. This difference could be related directly to the reduced in vitro susceptibility to tylosin displayed by the two isolates of MG. In the two experiments where isolates were tylosin-resistant, danofloxacin was significantly (P < or = 0.05) superior to tylosin in reducing mortality, maintaining weight gain, and reducing the prevalence of air-sac lesions, isolation of MG, and seroconversion.
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PMID:Efficacy of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of mycoplasmosis in chicks infected with tylosin-susceptible or tylosin-resistant field isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. 839 3

Experimental mycoplasmosis was induced in 1-day-old chicks by intrapulmonary inoculation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). This method of infection proved to be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial medication, by measuring mortality, weight gain, pathological responses, frequency of reisolation of MG, and seroconversion. Using this model, the efficacies of danofloxacin (a novel fluoroquinolone) and tylosin were compared for two MG isolates, a reference isolate (the R-strain) and a field isolate from California. Danofloxacin administered in the water at 50 ppm for 3 days was equivalent to tylosin at 500 ppm for 3 days in the degree of control of mortality and maintenance of weight gain. Danofloxacin was superior to tylosin in preventing air-sac lesions, reducing the frequency of reisolation of MG, and preventing seroconversion in surviving birds.
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PMID:A comparison of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of induced Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks. 839 4


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