Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Naturally occurring swine glomerulopathy was investigated and its glomerular tissue injury was compared with that of human IgA nephropathy. Mild proteinuria (30%) and microhematuria (17%) was found in 30 six-month-old swine. Serum creatinine level was 1.8 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SD) mg/dl. Light microscopy (LM) disclosed diffuse or focal glomerulopathy with mesangial enlargement and hemispherical deposits in six-month-old swine. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the mesangial, para-mesangial and sub-endothelium areas. On immunofluorescence+ (IF) staining findings, granular deposits of IgA (97%), IgG (97%), IgM (80%), C3 (100%), and mycoplasma hyorhinis (MH) antigen (90%) were found in the mesangial areas and along the capillary walls. One three-month-old pig and one five-year-old Goettingen mini pig were also found to have granular deposits of immunoglobulin and MH antigen in the glomerulus. In contrast, no glomerular lesion was found in all 4 new-born pigs and 4 fetal pigs by LM and IF study. In six-month-old swine anti-nuclear factor and anti-DNA antibody were negative, and no pathological lesion was found in the liver by LM. And IgA and MH antigen containing circling immune complexes were positive in sera by Raji cell assay, and moreover IgA and MH antigen was found co-depositing by the double stain techniques. These findings suggest that swine glomerulopathy is similar in appearance to human IgA nephropathy and MH antigen may contribute to the development of this nephropathy.
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PMID:[Study on the swine glomerulopathy resembling human IgA nephropathy]. 205 46

In order to detect abnormalities in humoral immunity and to determine immunogenetic traits underlying chronic glomerulonephritis, sera from 260 patients who had chronic glomerulonephritis and who were undergoing hemodialysis were tested for naturally occurring antibodies against mycoplasma and 22 different viruses. Among the 23 microorganisms tested, antibody titers were significantly lower against 12, higher against 3, and no different against 8 when compared with titers of 43 normal subjects. The data were analyzed further by plotting each in a 23-dimensional space according to their standardized antibody titers. Multivariate cluster analysis by the Ward's method revealed 3 large clusters differing from each other in natural antibody titers, and one of the clusters included 74% of the normal controls, while two other distinct clusters comprised the majority of the patients. The level of BUN, creatinine, and duration of hemodialysis treatment did not differ significantly among patients in these three different clusters. Our study suggests that patients with chronic glomerulonephritis being treated by hemodialysis have altered levels of naturally occurring antibodies to microorganisms. This alteration is not caused by just the uremic state or hemodialysis but immunogenetic regulation may also play a part.
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PMID:Altered immune responsiveness in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. 262 95

Cultures on autoclaved maize of the phytopathogenic fungus, Drechslera campanulata, were incorporated into diets and fed to male inbred BDIX rats. In a pilot trial, a diet containing 30% D. campanulata culture material killed 5 out of 5 rats in 15-25 days. Lesions included gastric corpus erosions, gastrorrhagia and ulcerative typhlitis. Diets containing 5% or 10% culture material induced erosive to ulcerative typhlitis and oedema and hyperplasia of the ileocaecal lymph nodes in 40 out of 40 rats. Other changes included: mass loss; normocytic, hyperchromic anaemia; leukocytosis with neutrophilia; reductions in plasma proteins, creatinine, calcium and cholesterol; elevated serum enzymes; hepatosis, nephrosis and mycoplasma-like interstitial pneumonia. No lesions were present in control rats, and their profiles were normal. Ulcerative typhlitis induced by D. campanulata in rats resembles that seen in chronic piperonyl butoxide intoxication as well as that due to single treatments of indomethacid, although small intestinal ulcers are more frequent in the latter. Overgrowth of intestinal flora may be involved in ulcer pathogenesis. The pathology of drechsleratoxicosis in rats is compared to that in sheep and goats where necrotic lesions in the forestomach and, to a lesser extent, in the caecum are characteristic findings.
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PMID:The pathology of chronic Drechslera campanulata toxicosis in inbred rats. 335

Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug widely used in clinical organ transplantation, causes a variety of side effects, including parenchymal complications of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Erythromycin ethinylsuccinate (EES), a macrolide antibiotic frequently administered to transplant patients afflicted with pneumonias caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, markedly potentiated parenchymal drug toxicity in nine (three renal and six cardiac) CsA-treated allograft recipients. The mean and median blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and total bilirubin increased upon initiation of EES treatment: in the renal recipients from 27, 1.7, and 0.5 mg/dl, respectively, before, to a mean and median of 81/101, 8.3/3.9, and 2.1/1.2 mg/dl during, and to 72/22, 1.9/1.7, and 0.6/0.5 mg/dl after cessation of EES treatment. The median serum radioimmunoassay (RIA)-determined CsA trough value of 147 ng/ml prior, rose to a zenith of 1125 ng/ml during, EES therapy. In the six cardiac recipients, the mean and median BUN, creatinine, and total bilirubin of 51/45, 1.5/1.3, 1.2/1.3 mg/dl, respectively, before, rose to 100/91, 3.7/3.6, and 2.3/2.1 mg/dl during, and fell to 49/44, 1.8/2.1, and 1.0/0.8 mg/dl after, cessation of EES. The mean serum CsA trough value of 185 ng/ml rose to 815 ng/ml during EES administration. Since EES and CsA are both metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, simultaneous use of these two drugs may decrease CsA metabolism, with consequent elevation of blood levels and induction of CsA toxicity. Therefore, blood level monitoring and careful regulation of CsA dose are necessary, in order to achieve the safe use of EES in transplant recipients.
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PMID:Exacerbation of cyclosporine toxicity by concomitant administration of erythromycin. 354 86

We report the case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with difficulty ambulating and an elevated creatinine phosphokinase level following an upper respiratory tract infection. Crural myositis was diagnosed; convalescent serum was negative for viruses, but demonstrated significant titers to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Benign acute crural myositis has not heretofore been associated with Mycoplasmal infection.
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PMID:Myalgia cruris epidemica (benign acute childhood myositis) associated with a Mycoplasma pneumonia infection. 356 74

In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in a TEM chamber to 20-MHz (HF-band) continuous-wave radiofrequency radiation (RFR) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week up to 6 weeks. The average E-field intensity was 2686 +/- 164 V/m (mean +/- SD) and the calculated specific absorption rate was 0.3 W/kg. Randomly sampled rats killed on Days 8, 22, 39, and 42 after initiation of exposure showed no statistically significant differences from controls for body mass, spleen cell density, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, methemoglobin, erythrocyte fragility, bilirubin, creatinine, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, sodium, potassium, and spleen cell chemiluminescence. Splenic mass differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) only on Day 22. Spleen to body mass ratios differed significantly between exposed and control groups on Days 22 and 39 (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.025, respectively). Histologic examination of the rats revealed the successive accumulation of phagocytic cells, lymphoid proliferation, development of lesions, and tissue necrosis characteristic of respiratory mycoplasmosis. In a followup experiment, a separate set of rats was exposed for 6 weeks to identical levels of RFR. No significant differences were found in splenic parameters and spleen cell peroxidative activity. Histologic examination of these animals revealed no evidence of mycoplasma infection. The observed differences between exposed and control animals of the first experiment appear to have resulted from subclinical respiratory mycoplasmosis rather than exposure to RFR.
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PMID:Effects of 20-MHz radiofrequency radiation on rat hematology, splenic function, and serum chemistry. 402 74

The urinary GGT/urinary creatinine (uGGT/uCR) ratio was measured on Days 1, 3 and 10 in 4 adult, healthy horses; in 6 adult, healthy horses treated with gentamicin at recommended dosages and 9 adult horses treated for pleuropneumonia with gentamicin at recommended dosages. Plasma creatinine and gentamicin trough concentrations were measured on the same days. The uGGT/uCr ratio was higher in the normal horses (mean +/- s.d. 22.85 +/- 13.69) than previously reported normal values (10.5 +/- 6.8) (Adams and McClure 1985). Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the ratio in the 3 groups while controlling for the effect of time. Sick horses had a significantly higher uGGT/uCr ratio than either of the 2 groups of normal horses. Both groups of horses that were treated with gentamicin had similar percentage increases in uGGT/uCr ratio over the treatment period with the most marked increases found between treatment Days 1 and 3. The increase in uGGT/Cr ratio was predominantly a result of an increase in uGGT activity rather than a decrease in uCr concentration. The increase in uGGT activity and uGGT/uCr ratio occurred without abnormalities in serum creatinine or gentamicin trough concentrations. These findings demonstrate that urine GGT activity and uGGT/uCr ratio should be expected to increase in response to gentamicin therapy at recommended dosages without measurable changes in serum creatinine. This suggests that an elevation of the uGGT/uCr ratio in horses being treated with gentamicin would not necessarily require changes in, or withdrawal of, the gentamicin treatment as long as increases in the plasma creatinine do not exceed 0.3 g/l and gentamicin trough concentrations are < 2 micrograms/l.
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PMID:Variations in urinary gamma glutamyl transferase/urinary creatinine ratio in horses with or without pleuropneumonia treated with gentamicin. 755 49

Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is the optical S-(-) isomer of the racemic drug substance ofloxacin. It has a broad spectrum of in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain other pathogens such as Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella and Mycobacteria spp. Levofloxacin is significantly more active against bacterial pathogens than R-(+)-ofloxacin. Levofloxacin hemihydrate, the commercially formulated product, is 97.6% levofloxacin by weight. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are described by a linear 2-compartment open model with first-order elimination. Plasma concentrations in healthy volunteers reach a mean peak drug plasma concentration (Cmax) of approximately 2.8 and 5.2 mg/L within 1 to 2 hours after oral administration of levofloxacin 250 and 500mg tablets, respectively. The bioavailability of oral levofloxacin approaches 100% and is little affected by the administration with food. Oral absorption is very rapid and complete, with little difference in the serum concentration-time profiles following 500mg oral or intravenous (infused over 60 minutes) doses. Single oral doses of levofloxacin 50 to 1000mg produce a mean Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ranging from approximately 0.6 to 9.4 mg/L and 4.7 to 108 mg.h/L, respectively, both increasing linearly in a dose-proportional fashion. The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin are similar during multiple-dose regimens to those following single doses. Levofloxacin is widely distributed throughout the body, with a mean volume of distribution of 1.1 L/kg, and penetrates well into most body tissues and fluids. Drug concentrations in tissues and fluids are generally greater than those observed in plasma, but penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid is relatively poor (concentrations approximately 16% of simultaneous plasma values). Levofloxacin is approximately 24 to 38% bound to serum plasma proteins (primarily albumin); serum protein binding is independent of serum drug concentrations. The plasma elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) ranges from 6 to 8 hours in individuals with normal renal function. Approximately 80% of levofloxacin is eliminated as unchanged drug in the urine through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion; minimal metabolism occurs with the formation of no metabolites possessing relevant pharmacological activity. Renal clearance and total body clearance are highly correlated with creatinine clearance (CLCR), and dosage adjustments are required in patients with significant renal dysfunction. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are not appreciably affected by age, gender or race when differences in renal function, and body mass and composition are taken into account. Important drug interactions exist with aluminium- and magnesium-containing antacids and ferrous sulfate, as with other fluoroquinolones, resulting in significantly decreased levofloxacin absorption when administered concurrently. These agents should be administered at least 2 hours before or after levofloxacin administration. Cimetidine and probenecid decrease levofloxacin renal clearance and increase t1/2 beta; the magnitudes of these interactions are not clinically significant. Levofloxacin appears to have only minor potential for significantly altering the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, warfarin, zidovudine, ranitidine, digoxin or cyclosporin; however, patients receiving these drugs concurrently should be monitored closely for signs of enhanced pharmacological effect or toxicity. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are not significantly altered by sucralfate when administration of these drugs is separated by at least 2 hours.
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PMID:The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. 906 26

The objective of this study was to determine whether the measurements of amniotic fluid nitric oxide metabolite (NOx: nitrate + nitrite) concentrations could be a clinically useful marker to differentiate between intra-amniotic mycoplasma and nonmycoplasma infections. Amniocentesis was performed on 76 pregnant women with suspicion of intra-amniotic infection. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as the presence of a positive amniotic fluid culture with either mycoplasma or nonmycoplasma infections. Rapid amniotic fluid tests for Gram stain, glucose, leukocyte counts, interleukin-6, and NOx were performed. Amniotic fluid NOx was measured with aspergillus nitrate reductase and Griess reagent. Interleukin-6 was determined by enzyme immunoassays. Amniotic fluid NOx and interleukin-6 were normalized by amniotic fluid creatinine levels. Patients with intra-amniotic mycoplasma (n = 7) and nonmycoplasma infections (n = 8) had significantly higher amniotic fluid leukocyte counts and interleukin-6 concentrations and significantly lower amniotic fluid glucose levels than noninfected controls (n = 61). Amniotic fluid concentrations of NOx were significantly higher in those with intraamniotic nonmycoplasma infection as compared to those with intraamniotic mycoplasma infection and noninfected controls (NOx: 3.35+/-0.74 vs. 2.03+/-0.41 micromol/mg creatinine, p = 0.005, and 3.35+/-0.74 vs. 1.72+/-0.07 micromol/mg creatinine, p < 0.0001, respectively). However, patients with intra-amniotic mycoplasma infection did not differ significantly from noninfected controls. Our data indicate that clinical characteristics of intra-amniotic mycoplasma infection may differ from intra-amniotic nonmycoplasma infection. As delivery is not always indicated in intra-amniotic mycoplasma infection, elevated rapid amniotic fluid tests (leukocyte counts, interleukin-6, and glucose) may not be appropriate in the clinical management of intra-amniotic mycoplasma infection. In addition to these rapid amniotic fluid tests, incorporation of the measurement of amniotic fluid NOx may be of clinical importance in the differentiation and management of patients with suspected intra-amniotic mycoplasma and nonmycoplasma infection.
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PMID:Nitric oxide: a clinically important amniotic fluid marker to distinguish between intra-amniotic mycoplasma and non-mycoplasma infections. 1045 27

Lack of cadaveric organs for transplantation resulted in increased number of living related kidney donors examinations and consequent transplantations in our Department. Donor procedure, selection, drop-outs and final results for living related donors (LRD) were retrospectively analyzed in this paper. Between 1987 and 1994 202 potential LRD were examined. Most of them were females (59%) and about 30% were older than 60 years. The family relation between LRD and recipients were: parents (95%), siblings (3%), grandmother/grandfather (1.5%) and uncle (0.5%). Potential LRD were informed on risks, advantages and procedure of living donor transplantation. After primary information 26% of potential LRD gave up further examinations. Following immunological and clinical evaluations 48% of LRD actually donated a kidney. The other 26% were excluded during the selection procedure. High immunological risks including ABO incompatibility, HLA mismatches and positive cross match test were the reasons for drop outs of 35 potential LRD (17%). Five more donors were excluded for medical reasons: one because of low creatinine clearance and four because of neoplasms, discovered during examination (kidney, laryngeal, lung). Fourteen transplantation were not realized due to different recipient reasons: 5 of them had clinical contraindications, two died and in 7 cadaveric kidney transplantations were performed. Mild hypertension, coronary disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 were presented in 5 LRD accepted for transplantation. Five more had to be operated before donation (abdominal or urological operation). Early complications after donor nephrectomy were acute renal failure, stress ulcus, pleuropneumonia in three and thromboflebitis in two donors. In conclusion, although kidney transplantation from LRD is highly successful, careful examination during selection procedure is indispensable.
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PMID:[Analysis of living related kidney donors and their postoperative course]. 1239 42


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