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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogenic micro-organism frequently held responsible for acute respiratory infection. The disease is ubiquitous and often proceeds in epidemics among small communities of young people (families, army barracks, universities). Its usual clinical manifestations consist of a stubborn cough symptomatic of tracheo-bronchitis with or without fever, and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Cases where chest X-rays show a pulmonary infiltrate are less frequent, but they differ from other lung diseases in that the respiratory signs at physical examination are discreet. The presence of cold agglutinins is not specific, but it contributes to the diagnosis. Cutaneous, neuromeningeal, cardiovascular and osteo-articular manifestations are rare, usually delayed and of lesser importance. Diagnosis rests on positive cultures of tracheo-bronchial or pharyngeal samples and/or on a significant increase in the titers of serum antibodies directed against M. pneumoniae. The disease is usually benign. Antibiotic therapy with macrolides or tetracyclines shortens its duration and reduces the incidence of complications. The latter chiefly concern elderly subjects and patients with COLD for whom M. pneumoniae infection constitutes a major risk of respiratory failure.
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PMID:[Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections]. 266 46

Plasma and urine concentrations of sulbactam (SBT) and ampicillin (ABPC) were determined following bolus administration of injectable SBT/ABPC combined in a fixed ratio of 1:2 to 6 pediatric patients, 3 at a dose of 30 mg/kg and the other 3 at 60 mg/kg. Clinical and bacteriological efficacies of SBT/ABPC were evaluated in a total of 65 patients composed of 45 cases with pneumonia, 3 cases each with bronchitis, urinary tract infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, purulent lymphadenitis, 2 cases each with tonsillitis, pleuropneumonia, phlegmon and 1 case each with pyothorax, submaxillitis. The dosage used was 101.2 mg/kg daily given in 3 or 4 divided doses (t.i.d. in 24 patients and q.i.d. in 41 patients) by bolus intravenous injection for 7 days on an average. Side effects and effects on clinical laboratory parameters were monitored in the 65 patients. The results of these evaluations are summarized as follows. 1. Mean serum concentrations of SBT and ABPC in 3 children each given an intravenous bolus injection of 30 mg/kg and other 3 each given 60 mg/kg reached peak levels at 5 minutes after administration with values of 49.8 and 90.3 micrograms/ml, respectively, for SBT and 99.8 and 189.7 micrograms/ml, respectively, for ABPC. The latter values were about twice as high as SBT, and both were dose-related. Mean half-lives were 0.889 hour for SBT and 0.857 hour for ABPC in the 30 mg/kg group and 0.882 hour for SBT and 0.834 hour of ABPC in the 60 mg/kg group, showing similarities between the 2 dosage groups as well as between SBT and ABPC. 2. Mean urine concentrations in the 2 groups mentioned above were the highest for both SBT and ABPC during the first 2 hours after administration, with values of 1,677 micrograms/ml for SBT and 2,730 micrograms/ml for ABPC in the 30 mg/kg group and 2,693 micrograms/ml and 3,623 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the 60 mg/kg group. Mean recovery rates in urine in the first 6 hours were 72.4% for SBT and 56.8% for ABPC in the low dosage group and 72.7% and 52.0%, respectively, in the high dosage group. In the 2 groups, the amounts of ABPC recovered were less than those of SBT. 3. Clinical efficacies of SBT/ABPC in 65 patients with various bacterial infections were excellent or good in 62 (95.4%) patients. 4. The bacteriological efficacy was evaluable with 10 patients. The pathogenic bacteria were eradicated in 9 patients and the efficacy rate was 90%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies of sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatric patients]. 266 52

The virulence of 4 low passage strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum obtained from different sources within Australia was studied by experimental infection of chickens. Strain Ap3AS, originally isolated from the air sac of a broiler chicken, produced severe air sac lesions following injection into the abdominal air sacs of 2-week or 3-week-old chickens, and adult hens. Strain 80083 which was isolated from a clinically normal broiler breeder hen was also capable of producing gross air sac lesions following intra-abdominal (IA) injection, although it did so less consistently than strain Ap3AS. Strain 82078 isolated from a layer hen and strain QXO which was isolated from a turkey were also moderately pathogenic in terms of the incidence and severity of lesions elicited following IA injection. Strains Ap3AS and 80083 both caused a substantial loss of egg production over a 5 week period after IA infection of 27-week-old hens. Neither strain Ap3AS nor 80083 caused gross lesions or loss of egg production when administered alone into the upper respiratory tract. However, when inoculated into the conjunctival sac in combination with the Vic S strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains Ap3AS and 80083 produced identical clinical signs of conjunctivitis. The mean numbers of M. gallisepticum in tracheal washings were significantly higher 2 weeks after infection in the group receiving strain 80083 in combination with IBV than in the group infected with strain Ap3AS and IBV (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. 271 73

During the first nine months of 1987, the bacteriological and virological tests as well as the indirect fluorescence test to Legionella pneumophila were performed in 40 children with bronchopneumonia (one- or both-sided) or pleuropneumonia and in 10 children with protracted bronchitis. In a 15 month old boy we have proved (by titer dynamics) the infection with Legionella pneumophila serotype 5, and in a 15 month old girl and in a 16 month old boy serotype 1. The infection was sporadic and the possible source of infection was unknown. The course of the disease was not wasting and the infection was accompanied with fever. The patients had an increased sedimentation rate of red cells and leukocytosis. All the other laboratory findings were within normal limits. In seven children seropositiveness 1:256 to Legionella pneumophila serotype 1, and in two children an increased titer to adenovirus was proved. The high titer to Legionella pneumophila in those seven children indicates an early contact with the causal agent. The patients were successfully treated with cefuroxim, which is not the drug of choice. Infection due to Legionella pneumophila in children does not exhibit a clinical or laboratory characteristic features that differ from those of the other respiratory diseases in children. It means that Legionnaires' disease in children with intact immunity is not the wasting illness. We stress the importance of using serologic examination to Legionella pneumophila as a routine procedure in the aetiological diagnosis of respiratory diseases in children.
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PMID:[Legionnaires' disease in children]. 279 76

Six- to eight-week-old gnotobiotic F344/N rats were inoculated intranasally with 10(5.0) colony-forming units of Mycoplasma pulmonis or were sham inoculated, then one week later were given 10(0.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses of Sendai virus or sterile medium. Groups of rats were killed immediately after virus inoculation and three, five, ten, and 20 days later. Lesions in nasal passages, middle ears, larynxes, tracheas, and lungs from half of the rats in each group were subjectively scored. Organs from the other rats were quantitatively cultured for M. pulmonis and for Sendai virus. Rats given Sendai virus alone had mild, patchy, necrotizing rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis, but not bronchiolitis or interstitial pneumonia. M. pulmonis alone induced mild lesions of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis including mild to moderate suppurative rhinitis, otitis media, laryngitis, and tracheitis with submucosal lymphoid accumulation and epithelial hyperplasia, but not lung lesions. Rats given M. pulmonis and Sendai virus had severe lesions characteristic of advanced mycoplasmal disease throughout the respiratory tract, including suppurative bronchitis with extensive lymphoid accumulations and epithelial hyperplasia; some rats also had suppurative pneumonia and bronchiectasis. Larger numbers of M. pulmonis colony-forming units were in rats given Sendai virus, but there was no statistically significant difference in Sendai virus infectious units between rats also given M. pulmonis and those given virus only.
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PMID:Exacerbation of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in gnotobiotic F344/N rats by Sendai virus infection. 298 78

Respiratory specimens and blood were collected from all infants and children admitted with acute respiratory illness to a paediatric unit in Christchurch from May to November (late autumn, winter and spring) 1983, to define the viral aetiological agents involved. A virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 160 (50%) of 317 children studied by the rapid indirect immunofluorescence, virus culture and/or serological techniques. Aetiological agents were detected in 71% of children with bronchiolitis, 57% with pneumonia, 53% with bronchitis, 40% with laryngotracheitis (croup), and 45% with upper respiratory tract illness. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequently identified virus, confirming the importance of this virus as a cause of respiratory illness requiring hospitalisation of young children in Christchurch. An epidemic due to influenza A/Dunedin/7/83 (HINI) and A/New Caledonia/4/83 (HINI) viruses occurred during the study period.
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PMID:Acute respiratory tract infections of children in hospital: a viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae profile. 299 30

Six groups of white leghorn pullets were studied to determine the ability of beta-propiolactone-inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) oil-emulsion bacterins to counteract reductions in egg production caused by MG infection. The pullets were inoculated with 0.5 ml of MG bacterin subcutaneously in the neck at about 20 weeks of age and were challenged with MG near 28 weeks of age, when they were in peak egg production. Various challenge schemes with infectious bronchitis virus were used at the time of MG challenge to increase the reduction in egg production. MG bacterins afforded protection against moderate drops in egg production in at least three of the studies, where the unvaccinated challenged control hens exhibited reduced egg production.
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PMID:Efficacy of experimental inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum oil-emulsion bacterin in egg-layer chickens. 299 34

Eight- to 10-week-old outbred Wistar rats were inoculated intranasally with 10(2.9) medium mouse lethal infective doses of sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus. Sham inoculated control rats and challenged rats were killed at 1 day intervals for the first 8 days, then on days 10, 12, 14, and 20. Typical lesions associated with SDA were seen microscopically in the salivary and lacrimal glands of inoculated rats. In addition, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and multifocal alveolitis were present during the acute stages of the disease. Viral antigen was demonstrated in epithelial cells lining airways by immunofluorescence microscopy. SDA virus was recovered from the lower respiratory tract from days 2 to 6 post-inoculation (PI). Serum antibodies to SDA virus, but not to Sendai virus or Mycoplasma pulmonis were present in rats tested at day 20 PI. These findings demonstrate that during the acute stages of the disease, significant lesions do occur in the lower respiratory tract of SDA virus-infected rats.
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PMID:Sialodacryoadenitis virus-associated lesions in the lower respiratory tract of rats. 301 6

Serial passage of two infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine strains in chickens enhanced their capacity to increase the incidence and severity of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) airsacculitis. Included in this report were the mild Massachusetts-type Connaught strain and the Arkansas 99 vaccine strain of IBV. The Connaught strain and one of two Ark 99 vaccine strains passaged in chickens increased the incidence of airsacculitis markedly compared with nonpassaged virus. The other Ark 99 vaccine virus already exacerbated MS airsacculitis, before passage in chickens, and its influence did not increase on passage. All IBV strains studied to date have either possessed this trait or reacquired it on passage in the natural host.
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PMID:Reversion to virulence of chicken-passaged infectious bronchitis vaccine virus. 301 6

Macrolides are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the main causes of community-acquired pneumonia They may therefore be used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, although emergent resistance in Str. pneumoniae limits their use in some parts of the world. In patients with bronchitis the use of macrolides reduces the severity and duration of symptoms. Macrolides have also been used successfully in the treatment of otitis media and sinusitis; combination with sulphonamides may be desirable. They may be effective in eradicating the carrier state of Str. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Macrolides provide alternative therapy for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever and of infective endocarditis after dental treatment. The cure rate with macrolides of streptococcal skin infections and of minor staphylococcal infections is equal to that achieved with penicillins. In diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni, the administration of macrolides shortens the duration of the faecal excretion of organisms and may give clinical improvement in severe disease. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and for Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They are effective alternative therapy to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum infections.
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PMID:The clinical use of macrolides. 305 68


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