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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The changes in vaginal ecosystem (decreasing number of H2O2 producing Lactobacillus spp. and increasing number of Mobiluncus spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Prevotella spp., Mycoplasma hominis, Peptostreptococcus spp.) appears to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Bacterial vaginosis is associated with infectious complications in pregnant and non-pregnant women and increasing risk of STI. The preventive role of natural vaginal microflora and problems of BV treatment are discussed in the light of the recent publications.
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PMID:[The bacterial vaginosis--treatment problems]. 1760 71

The group of organisms commonly referred to as genital mycoplasmas comprise species most often found in genitourinary tract of sexually active adults as common commensal inhabitants, or pathogens which can possibly cause many different pathologies like: non-gonococcal urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease. The problem of their morbidity and the possible influence they have on human fertility is still not clear. The aim of this study was to find out whether two investigated species- Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis can be detect more often in a group of infertile women. 74 women participated in the study and were assigned to one of 2 groups of patients: infertile women and fertile women without any sign of genital tract infection. Swabs from the cervical canal of the uterus and the fluid from the Douglas pouch were taken during the gynecological examination and laparoscopic procedure. Two diagnostic methods were used: biochemical method- commercial diagnostic kit- Mycoplasma IST 2 and PCR method. The results showed that Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected among both fertile and infertile women with nearly the same frequency, much more often in cervical canal than in the Douglas pouch. Ureaplasma urealyticum was more common pathogen than Mycoplasma hominis in both groups and locations. The achieved results point out that the role of genital mycoplasmas in human infertility is still unclear and require further investigations.
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PMID:[Frequency of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in cervical canal and the Douglas pouch of infertile and fertile women]. 1792 14

There are lingering questions regarding the association between maternal infection and preeclampsia. Systematic review and metaanalysis was conducted of observational studies that examined the relationship between maternal infection and preeclampsia. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of preeclampsia was increased in pregnant women with urinary tract infection (pooled odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.45-1.70) and periodontal disease (pooled odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.43-2.18). There were no associations between preeclampsia and presence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and cytomegalovirus, treated and nontreated HIV infection, and malaria. Individual studies did not find a relationship between herpes simplex virus type 2, bacterial vaginosis, and Mycoplasma hominis and preeclampsia. Urinary tract infection and periodontal disease during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. More studies are required to verify this as well as to explore whether or not such relationships are causal and, if so, the mechanisms involved.
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PMID:Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis. 1858 2

The aim of this study was to examine correlations between vaginal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8) and pregnancy-related traits (gestational age, birth-weight, BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and vaginal pH). Differences in correlation coefficients were examined among bacterial vaginosis (BV) status and the presence or absence of mycoplasmas. A total of 105 women between the 22nd and 34th week of pregnancy were enrolled in this study. There was a strong negative correlation between IL-1alpha and weight gain during pregnancy (r=-0.877, p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation between IL-6 and BMI (r=0.670, p=0.024) in women with normal vaginal flora and mycoplasmas. These correlations were not present in women who had normal flora and no mycoplasmas. In women with BV and no mycoplasmas, there were significant correlations of gestational age with IL-6 (r=0.727, p=0.027) and IL-8 (r=0.689, p=0.040); however, these correlations were not significant in women with mycoplasmas. Our findings support the conclusion that correlations between inflammatory cytokines and pregnancy-related traits are dependent on context, suggesting that expression is labile. In particular, BMI and gestational age correlation differs depending on BV status and the presence or absence of BV-related mycoplasmas such as Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
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PMID:Correlations of selected vaginal cytokine levels with pregnancy-related traits in women with bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas. 1843 10

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) describes the clinical features of sexually transmitted pelvic infection ranging from acute salpingitis to salpingo-oophoritis and ultimately pelvic abscess. Intra-tubal adhesions and pelvic adhesive disease are the long-term sequelae of PID which may lead to both sub-fertility and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopy is the definitive diagnostic modality, but is invasive and not suitable for routine clinical practice especially in the primary care setting. Ascending infection by Neiserria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis and less commonly bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma have been traditionally associated as causative pathogens in PID. As polymicrobial infections are being implicated in PID before culture and sensitivity results are available empirical treatment based on clinical guidelines is justified initially. Pre-emptive testing and treatment for woman at increased risk of chlamydia has been shown to reduce the risk of PID by up to two-thirds. It is imperative that medical practitioners have low thresholds for testing and treatment of both sexually active young women and men.
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PMID:Managing pelvic inflammatory disease. 1870 84

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge. A subsample of 399 vaginal and cervical swabs was randomly selected from 2579 samples collected during a study to determine the causes of vaginal discharge in women attending primary health-care clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cervical samples were tested for M. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the samples were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida. M. genitalium was detected in three samples (0.8%; 95% confidence interval: 0.00-1.6). The prevalence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae T. vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida was 1.3, 3.8, 8, 23.25 and 32.5%, respectively. Two women with M. genitalium were co-infected with T. vaginalis or candida. This is the first study to document the existence of M. genitalium in Bangladesh. Although the prevalence of this infection is low in the population tested, further research into this pathogen in other Bangladeshi populations is justified.
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PMID:Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh. 1893 Dec 72

Historically, the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been difficult. The introduction of molecular biology techniques in microbiological diagnosis and their application to non-invasive samples has produced significant advances in the diagnosis of these diseases. Overall, detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by molecular biology techniques provides a presumptive diagnosis and requires confirmation by culture in areas with a low prevalence. For Chlamydia trachomatis infections, these techniques are considered to be the most sensitive and specific procedures for mass screening studies, as well as for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium infection by culture is very slow and consequently molecular techniques are the only procedures that can provide relevant diagnostic information. For Treponema pallidum, molecular techniques can provide direct benefits in the diagnosis of infection. Molecular techniques are not established for the routine diagnosis of donovanosis, but can be recommended when performed by experts. Molecular methods are advisable in Haemophilus ducreyi, because of the difficulties of culture and its low sensitivity. In genital herpes, molecular techniques have begun to be recommended for routine diagnosis and could soon become the technique of choice. For other genital infections, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidosis and trichomoniasis, diagnosis by molecular methods is poorly established. With genital warts, techniques available for screening and genotyping of endocervical samples could be used for certain populations, but are not validated for this purpose.
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PMID:[Utility of molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections]. 1919 46

The first described pathogenic organisms that caused urethritis were Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. The significance of detecting mycoplasma with genital swabs remained unclear for a long time. Culture can differentiate between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. After introduction of nuclear acid amplification, Mycoplasma genitalium was additionally detected, while gene analysis differentiates between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum. Mycoplasma genitalium has become the third most frequent pathogen causing non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU); Ureaplasma urealyticum is less often isolated. Because urethritis caused by Mycoplasma genitalium does not always respond to tetracycline, it is advisable to begin therapy with a macrolide. Mycoplasma hominis is a cofactor for bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). During therapy with metronidazole, the colonization of this mycoplasma is decreased indirectly.
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PMID:Genital mycoplasmas. 1950 Jan 95

Physiological or non-physiological factors may affect the vaginal flora. The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears from 27,172 non-pregnant women, between 1996 to 2005, was performed taking into consideration clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. No microorganisms were observed in 55.7% of the individuals studied and 44.3% had positive cultures. There was no microbiological aetiology in 49% of women with genital symptoms. Poor hygiene, chemical irritants, sexual behaviour, vaginal blood, birth control type, and/or the lack of an oestrogen effect may have caused the symptoms. The highest occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p<0.01), mainly Escherichia coli, was observed in prepubescent girls. The highest occurrence of Candida species (p<0.01) was in women of childbearing age, and of Gram-positive bacteria (p<0.01) in menopausal women. Adolescents, particularly asymptomatic girls, carried more frequently Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis (p<0.01). Hormonal contraception and consistent condom use was protective against bacterial vaginosis and U. urealyticum colonization. Users of intrauterine devices had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis or of contracting U. urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Candida species. Genital complaints were an independent indicator of Candida species, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis.Chlamydia trachomatis infections were often asymptomatic. It is concluded that the hormonal milieu and non-physiological factors are major determinants of the vaginal flora. If diagnosis of genital infections is based on symptoms alone and not on culture results, it may be erroneous. Sexual abuse should be investigated when a child presents with a sexually transmitted disease.
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PMID:Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non-pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence. 1955 25

According to contemporary data Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma hominis are considered to be the most frequently isolated causative microorganisms from the amniotic cavity. They cause intrauterine infection on preterm birth. The genital mycoplasma are detected in vaginal smears more than 25% of healthy pregnant women and the reason for their invasion towards the uterine cavity in some cases are still unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between vaginal mycoplasmal contamination and preterm birth. The observed cases are distributed into 2 groups:--patients with preterm birth--35 pregnant women,--term birth--31 pregnant women. The vaginal secretion was tested with a standard microbiological methods and with specific test mycoplasma detection and quantitative assessment. In the first group in five patients (14.3%) Ur. urealiticum was detected in association with other vaginal pathogens (bacterial vaginosis and GBS). In the term birth group 2 patients were mycoplasma positive (6.5%) and associated Enterococcus and Lactobacillus was found in them. All neonates of the mycoplasma positive mothers had sings of infection and underwent antimicrobial therapy course. The results did not demonstrate statistically significant difference in the incidence of vaginal mycoplasmal presence in preterm and term delivery but shows possible relationship between preterm birth caused by ascending mycoplasmal infection which is in association with other vaginal pathogens.
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PMID:[Participation of the genital mycoplasmas: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in the processes of preterm birth]. 1970 93


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