Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Airway infections in children is a considerably broad topic. This discussion focuses on several common nonbacterial causes of lower respiratory tract infection in children, including respiratory syncytial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. In addition, the occurrence of two important bacterial causes of lower respiratory illness (Bordetella pertussis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is increasing. This review focuses on current information on the prophylaxis, treatment, and diagnosis of these agents. Finally, consideration is given to infections in immunocompromised children: the effects of respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunosuppressed transplant patients, and prevention and diagnosis of opportunistic infections (including Pneumocystis carinii) in children with human immunodeficiency virus.
 ...
PMID:Lung infections in children. 837 45

Macrolides are antibiotics with high intracellular concentrations. They have a bacteriostatic activity but are also bactericides for concentrations five times greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration, concentrations in which they reach in the respiratory tract. They are usually active on Streptococcus, Neisseria, Moraxella catarrhalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Helicobacter pylori. They have few secondary effects, some in relation with drug interactions. Their main indications are bronchopulmonary infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Legionella pneumophila. They are also useful in whooping cough allowing the eradication of Bordetella pertussis in the rhinopharynx, thus limiting the dissemination of the infection in children. In amygdalitis and pharyngitis, macrolides are a good substitute in the case of allergy to penicillin. New generation of macrolides (roxithromycine, clarithromycine, dirithromycine, azithromycine) might open other interesting therapeutic perspectives.
 ...
PMID:[Role of macrolides in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children]. 854

This article reviews the existing literature about acute bronchitis, a condition commonly diagnosed but poorly defined. The little epidemiologic research that has been done has failed to identify a microbiologic etiology approximately 60% to 85% of the time. The majority of cases appear to be caused by viruses, but 25% of adults with nonspecific lower respiratory symptoms may actually have pertussis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae probably play minor roles. Although clinicians frequently prescribe antibiotics to patients they have diagnosed with acute bronchitis, there is little evidence in support. General treatment studies have failed to demonstrate benefit, and the natural history of even potentially curable pathogens is not altered by antimicrobial therapy. Some recent studies suggest that albuterol may be the best treatment choice for acute bronchitis; it can successfully ameliorate symptoms, and does not pose the same public health risk as inappropriate antibiotics do. Erythromycin may occasionally be indicated for patients in frequent contact with small infants not yet immunized against pertussis, but careful surveillance of the child is probably more effective than treating the contagious adult.
 ...
PMID:Acute bronchitis in adults: commonly diagnosed but poorly defined. 900 13

Clinical laboratories are increasingly receiving requests to perform nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of a wide variety of infectious agents. In this paper, the efficiency of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections is reviewed. In general, these techniques should be applied only for the detection of microorganisms for which available diagnostic techniques are markedly insensitive or nonexistent or when turnaround times for existing tests (e.g., viral culture) are much longer than those expected with amplification. This is the case for rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and hantaviruses causing a pulmonary syndrome, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Coxiella burnetii. For Legionella spp. and fungi, contamination originating from the environment is a limiting factor in interpretation of results, as is the difficulty in differentiating colonization and infection. Detection of these agents in urine or blood by amplification techniques remains to be evaluated. In the clinical setting, there is no need for molecular diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii. At present, amplification methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis cannot replace the classical diagnostic techniques, due to their lack of sensitivity and the absence of specific internal controls for the detection of inhibitors of the reaction. Also, the results of interlaboratory comparisons are unsatisfactory. Furthermore, isolates are needed for susceptibility studies. Additional work remains to be done on sample preparation methods, comparison between different amplification methods, and analysis of results. The techniques can be useful for the rapid identification of M. tuberculosis in particular circumstances, as well as the rapid detection of most rifampin-resistant isolates. The introduction of diagnostic amplification techniques into a clinical laboratory implies a level of proficiency for excluding false-positive and false-negative results.
 ...
PMID:Relevance of nucleic acid amplification techniques for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in the clinical laboratory. 910 53

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
 ...
PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

The antimicrobial spectrum of azithromycin and clarithromycin suggests a number of further uses for these newer macrolides. Favorable clinical and bacteriologic responses have been reported with both antibiotics in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Response rates were high for overall patient populations and for subgroups with infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Treatment with azithromycin or clarithromycin has resulted in a reduction in mycobacteremia and an improvement in clinical symptoms in adult AIDS patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. Prophylactic treatment with azithromycin may prevent M. avium-intracellulare complex, especially when combined with rifabutin. Preliminary evidence suggests that both azithromycin and clarithromycin in multidrug combinations may effectively eradicate Helicobacter pylori and that azithromycin may be useful in treating bacterial gastritis caused by Campylobacter species. Trachoma and infections caused by Bordetella pertussis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are other possible future indications for the newer macrolides. Limited clinical evidence also suggests that azithromycin may be effective in the prevention and treatment of malaria.
 ...
PMID:Future indications for macrolides. 910 59

In order to evaluate antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin (CAM), minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CAM and control drugs were determined against clinical isolates that were obtained from outpatients in 1994 and 1996. The results are summarized as follows; 1. It was not showed that CAM-resistant strains were increasing among Staphylococcus spp., beta-streptococci, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It appeared that resistances to CAM and macrolides (MLs) were increasing among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Peptostreptococcus spp. 2. The drug susceptibility patterns to MLs were similar and detection frequencies of induced resistant strains that were resistant to only 14-membered ring MLs including CAM and constitutive resistant strains that were resistant to 14 and 16-membered ring MLs were high among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Peptostreptococcus spp. It appears that MLs-resistance systems are linked to each other, and that this was a cause of increasing MLs-resistance among these bacterial species. 3. Notwithstanding of antibiotic resistance problems, CAM is still useful since it maintains strong antimicrobial activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis, B. pertussis, C. jejuni subsp. jejuni, C. trachomatis and M. pneumoniae, and it controls arginate producing abilities of mucoide strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 ...
PMID:[Antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin against recent obtained clinical isolates]. 939 38

Macrolide antibiotics are considered the drug of choice for many clinically significant infections in children, including mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydial infections, pertussis, and campylobacter enteritis. In addition, they are frequently the first alternative in patients allergic to penicillin. Therefore, they are medications with which pediatric nurses should be familiar. Although effective antibiotics, some of the macrolide antibiotics have an extensive drug interaction profile. It is imperative that pediatric nurses be familiar with these drug interactions to safely treat their patients.
 ...
PMID:Macrolide antibiotics. 983 3

A prospective study was conducted over a 3-month winter period in three general practice clinics in an urban population in southern Israel to identify the etiological agents of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in adults. RTI was defined as an acute febrile illness with cough, coryza, sore throat or hoarseness. Serum samples were taken from all patients in both the acute and convalescent phases of their illness. Tests were conducted for detection of 17 microorganisms known to cause RTI, including serological tests for 16 known pathogens. An etiological diagnosis was established in 80 (66%) of the 122 patients who participated in the study. The distribution of the etiological agents was as follows: influenza B virus in 27 (22%) patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae in 22 (18%), Legionella spp. in 15 (12%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 13 (11%), influenza A virus in 11 (9%), Bordetella pertussis in 9 (7%), adenovirus in 4, Epstein Barr virus in 4, Haemophilus influenzae in 3, beta-hemolytic streptococci in 3, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2, respiratory syncytial virus in 2, parainfluenza 1 virus in 2 and parainfluenza 2 virus in 1. No patients were found to be infected with Coxiella burnetii, Moraxella catarrhalis or parainfluenza 3 virus. More than one pathogen was identified in 27 (34%) patients in whom an etiological diagnosis was established. It is concluded that RTI is caused by a broad spectrum of etiological agents, a considerable number of patients having evidence of infection with more than one pathogen. The therapeutic significance of these findings should be elucidated in further studies.
 ...
PMID:Etiology of respiratory tract infection in adults in a general practice setting. 986 80

A duplex PCR to detect Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis was developed with the insertion sequences IS481 (B. pertussis) and IS1001 (B. parapertussis) and evaluated with specimens from 520 consecutive patients presenting with possible pertussis. No culture-positive-PCR-negative results occurred, giving the method a sensitivity of 100%. For B. pertussis, 58 of 520 patients (11.2%) were positive by PCR compared to 17 of 520 patients positive (3.3%) by culture. For B. parapertussis, 7 of 520 patients (1.3%) were positive by PCR compared to 2 of 520 patients positive (0.4%) by culture. Two patients were positive for both B. pertussis and B. parapertussis. Patient records were reviewed to determine the validity of PCR-positive-culture-negative results. Forty-two of 49 patients who could be evaluated fulfilled the criteria for a case definition of pertussis, with 32 patients being <1 year of age and having classical pertussis symptoms. The seven patients who did not fulfil the criteria were aged 7 to 55 years and had a persistent cough for >2 weeks. The method was also used to investigate a classroom outbreak in which B. pertussis culture was positive for 5 of 28 patients. All five culture-positive specimens were confirmed by PCR, and an additional eight were positive by PCR. Of 25 patients from a suspected pertussis outbreak in a girls' dormitory, seven of seven specimens were negative for B. pertussis, although 13 of 25 patients were positive for B. pertussis immunoglobulin M (IgM) (2 of which produced equivocal IgA results, with 23 of 25 patients being negative). Five symptomatic patients were subsequently found to be positive (by IgM and particle agglutination assays) for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, demonstrating the value of PCR in rapidly excluding B. pertussis infection in an outbreak situation. Twenty-two of 71 (30. 1%) throat swabs were positive by PCR compared to 2 of 71 (2.8%) throat swabs positive by culture, indicating that a reassessment of the use of throat swabs should be considered, particularly for older patients, in contact tracing, and in situations in which specimen collection is difficult.
 ...
PMID:Nested duplex PCR to detect Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis and its application in diagnosis of pertussis in nonmetropolitan Southeast Queensland, Australia. 998 20


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>