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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four hundred and fifty-three adults in 25 British hospitals entered a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia. A microbiological diagnosis was established in 67 per cent; Streptococcus pneumoniae (34 per cent). Mycoplasma pneumoniae (18 per cent) and Influenza A virus (7 per cent) were the commonest microorganisms. Our observations support the view that most of those in the microbiologically negative group (33 per cent) had S. pneumoniae infection. In addition to cultures of blood and sputum the most useful initial tests were for sputum pneumococcal antigen and serum mycoplasma specific IgM. Twenty-six patients (5.7 per cent) died, seven within 48 h of admission. Multivariate analyses showed age, absence of chest pain, absence of vomiting, previous treatment with digoxin, tachypnoea, diastolic hypotension, confusion, leucopenia, leucocytosis, and raised blood urea levels were significantly correlated with death. Patients had a 21-fold increased risk of death if they had two of the following: admission respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30/min, admission diastolic BP less than or equal to 60 mmHg, urea greater than 7 mmol/l during admission. Mortality was not related to aetiology except that all three patients with combined Influenza A virus and Staphylococcus aureus infection died. Nine patients had legionella pneumonia; none died. No patients who died from pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia or staphylococcal pneumonia had received an appropriate antibiotic before admission. Such deaths are possibly preventable. Assisted ventilation was used in 22 patients of whom 14 survived. Hospital stay in survivors averaged 10.8 days; after six weeks 79 per cent were fit for normal activities, and 55 per cent showed resolution of radiographic signs of pneumonia. We recommend that antibiotics should be given as early as possible and chosen always to cover S. pneumoniae, and in addition M. pneumoniae during outbreaks, and S. aureus during influenza epidemics.
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PMID:Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. The British Thoracic Society and the Public Health Laboratory Service. 311 95

Virological and immunological studies on 53 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis at the clinical stage of fading exacerbation were conducted. A high percentage of active viral infection (43%), persistence of viruses (25%) and virus-specific components (ribonucleoprotein in influenza) in the cells of brush biopsy bronchial mucosa specimens was characteristic for these patients. The respiratory-syncytial virus was the most common persisting virus (11%). A high percentage of association (72%) of respiratory viruses (influenza, adenoviruses) and pneumonia Mycoplasma contributed to an increase in a period of an infective process. The utmost decrease in indices of cellular immunity (natural killer cell activity, T-cell and phagocytosis function) was detected in a group of patients with a prolonged (over 4 months) virus persistence.
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PMID:[Characteristics of viral infections in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. 311 90

Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis may be caused by a variety of bacterial and viral agents. There is ample documentation of a role for Hemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A and B viruses, and several other respiratory viruses in causing these exacerbations. Because of the lack of frequency of exacerbations (once every 20 to 78 weeks) and the wide range of pathogens, trials of prophylaxis with antibiotics have been difficult to conduct. Controlled trials conducted since the 1950s have shown mixed results, some demonstrating a reduction in the number of exacerbations and others failing to show efficacy. Of the antibiotics used, tetracycline seemed the most effective. Both the pneumococcal polysaccharide and killed influenza virus vaccines have been suggested for patients with chronic bronchitis. The antiviral drug amantadine has been recommended when vaccine cannot be used. This reviewer concludes that prophylactic antibiotics should be used in selected patients with one or more exacerbations yearly using a drug such as tetracycline. A one-time dose of pneumococcal vaccine and the annual use of killed influenza vaccine are also reasonable. During an influenza A epidemic, amantadine should be considered for unvaccinated patients. Future studies should study intermittent v chronic prophylaxis with cheap but appropriate antibiotics (chosen for their microbial spectrum), and should test newer antiviral vaccines and antiviral drugs as they become available.
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PMID:Prophylactic treatment of chronic bronchitis. 328 84

We observed an influenza epidemic caused by influenza A/Arizona/82 (H3N2) in a nursing home during 1982 to 1983. A survey indicated that 59% of the residents were immunized before the outbreak. The outbreak was observed to begin in November, peak in February, and disappear in April. A significant level of herd immunity may have accounted for the slow progression through the nursing home. In addition, serologic evidence of concurrent infection with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was present in many residents. Epidemics of influenza in a closed, partially immunized population in a nursing home may proceed at a slower rate than in an open, largely unimmunized community. By monitoring for infection with other respiratory agents, the complex nature of the outbreak in this nursing home became evident.
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PMID:Epidemiology of acute respiratory illness during an influenza outbreak in a nursing home. A prospective study. 334 56

General screening investigations with various antigens were carried out with a view to further specific investigations being carried out on the Cape Verde Islands concerning infectious diseases. Serological positive reactions were found in Mumps, Adeno, PLT, Cytomegaly, Herpes, Para-influenza 1, 2, 3, Influenza A and B, Mycoplasmosis, RS-Virus, Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis A and B, R. conori, Malaria, Syphilis, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Varicella, Legionella, Picornavirus, Measles, German Measles, Listeriosis, Toxoplasmosis and Amoebic dysentery.
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PMID:Serological screenings of various infectious diseases on the Cape Verde Islands (West Africa). 344 44

In serological investigations undertaken in two hospitals in Nigeria a total of 188 blood samples were examined and the following positive reactions for various diseases found: malaria 100%, leishmaniasis 9.5%, biharziasis 2.1%, yersinia 16.4%, Legionella pn. 9%, gonorrhea 6%, syphilis 6.9%, measles 65.4%, rubella 84%, cytomegalic 78.2%, herpes simplex 67%, varicella 30.8%, Resp. sync. virus 34.6%, influenza A 57.4%, influenza B 73.9%, para-influenza 1, 2, 3, 20.7%, 16.5%, 52.6%, adenovirus 25%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae 33.5%.
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PMID:Serological testing of human blood samples for infectious diseases in the Abeokuta and the Minna Hospitals/Nigeria. 344 50

To investigate the causes and clinical characteristics of acute pharyngitis among school-aged children (4 to 18 years), we obtained throat cultures for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, group A streptococcus, and Chlamydia trachomatis from 320 patients with sore throat and 308 controls without respiratory complaints. The study was conducted from January to April 1985 in a private pediatric practice in central New York State. Sixty percent of the patients and 26% of the control subjects had positive cultures for at least one organism. Forty percent of patients had positive cultures for group A streptococcus, compared with 11.9% of the controls. Fifty (16%) patients had positive viral cultures, compared with eight (2.6%) controls; the predominant viral isolate was influenza A Philippines. Patients infected with influenza A were significantly more likely to complain of cough and hoarseness, and were less likely to have pharyngeal exudate or tender cervical adenopathy, than were patients who had positive cultures for group A streptococcus. Although 49 (15.8%) patients with acute pharyngitis had cultures positive for M. pneumoniae, 53 (17.6%) asymptomatic controls were also had M. pneumoniae-positive cultures. Thus detection of M. pneumoniae in the throat of school-aged children with pharyngitis may not be sufficient to establish a diagnosis of disease caused by this organism. C. trachomatis was not isolated from any patient or control.
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PMID:Viral and bacterial organisms associated with acute pharyngitis in a school-aged population. 353 96

A prospective 1-year study of acute febrile exudative tonsillitis in 110 children was carried out. Viral infection was associated with 42% of the cases, beta-hemolytic streptococci with 31% (12% group A), Mycoplasma pneumoniae with 5%, and unknown cause with 35%. More than one agent was implicated in 14% of the cases. Adenovirus was the viral agent most frequently (19%) recorded. Other viruses involved were Epstein-Barr virus, parainfluenza, influenza A, herpes simplex, and respiratory syncytial viruses. The responsible agent was found by rapid viral antigen detection in 20% of all cases and by rapid test for group A streptococcal antigen detection in 10%. Age was the most important factor in predicting the causative agent. Viral tonsillitis was most common in children younger than 3 years of age and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci tonsillitis in children 6 years of age or more. Clinical analysis of the illness, WBC count, and ESR did not reveal differences that could help in differentiating bacterial from viral tonsillitis. All patients were treated with a regimen of oral penicillin. Fever associated with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci tonsillitis responded to penicillin therapy significantly more rapidly than fever associated with viral infections. These observations demonstrate the prominent role of viruses in the etiology of febrile exudative tonsillitis, especially in young children, and reinforce the benefit of rapid tests before antibiotic therapy is started.
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PMID:Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? 360 20

The etiological structure of acute pneumonia and acute respiratory diseases was studied with a view to establishing the proportion of L. pneumophila among other causative agents of such diseases. A total of 299 patients were examined over time. The etiological diagnosis based on the data of serological examination was made in 70.6% of the patients with acute pneumonia and in 65% of the patients with acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. In the etiology of pneumonia, the leading role was found to belong to influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses, as well as to adenovirus, while in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, to influenza B virus, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The importance of L. pneumophila in the etiology of acute pneumonia and acute respiratory diseases was shown. The proportion of L. pneumophila proved to be, on the average, 9.9% in acute pneumonia and 9.8% in acute respiratory diseases. L. pneumophila occurred most frequently in mixed infections in combination with adenovirus and influenza B virus. Diseases of Legionella etiology were found to have a seasonal character, occurring mostly in winter and spring.
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PMID:[Significance of Legionella pneumophila in human respiratory pathology]. 360 5

In this work the immune structure of an organized group with respect to acute respiratory infections and the etiological structure of cases of acute pneumonia was studied. The sera taken from 602 persons were tested for the presence of antibodies to 14 infective agents of the viral, bacterial and mycoplasmal nature. The data indicate that all these agents circulate in the group under study with the prevalence of influenza A (H3N2), influenza B and group III parainfluenza viruses. Among etiological agents of acute pneumonia, the combination of Staphylococcus with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus was noted. The Legionella etiology of some group cases of acute pneumonia among young persons was established on the basis of the increased titers of L. pneumophila antibodies in the indirect hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay. The source of this infection was highly dispersed water aerosol, containing the infective agent, in shower baths. This was bacteriologically confirmed by the isolation of three Legionella strains. The study showed that no transfer of Legionella infection in the group through contacts was possible.
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PMID:[Etiology of acute pneumonias in an organized collective]. 360 7


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