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Query: UMLS:C0026936 (Mycoplasma)
 14,761 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mycoplasma genitalium is an opportunistic pathogen of the genital tract. It has been implicated as an etiological agent of urethritis in men and cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis and in vaginal specimens of pregnant women. Urethral specimens obtained from 37 men presenting with urethritis and vaginal specimens from 50 consecutive pregnant women were tested for the presence of M. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The urethral specimens were also examined for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma sp whereas the vaginal microbiota and the presence of genital mycoplasma were investigated in the vaginal specimens. Twenty three cases were classified as nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and 14 as gonorrheal disease. M. genitalium was detected in 3 of 23 (13.04%) men with NGU; in two cases with Ureaplasma sp, and in one patient as the unique agent. C. trachomatis was found in 7 patients with NGU and in one patient with gonorrhea. Ureaplasma sp was isolated in 13 (35.1%) patients, 8 cases of NGU and in 5 patients with gonorrhea. The organism was also detected in 6 (15%) of 40 women; in 5 cases in the presence of a normal microbiota (Nugent score 0-3), and an in one case in the presence of bacterial vaginosis. Ureaplasma spp was isolated in the 6 positive specimens. This study indicates that M. genitalium can be detected in urethral specimens of some cases of NGU as well as in the lower genital tract of pregnant women in the presence of a normal vaginal microbiota.
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PMID:[Molecular detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in men and pregnant women]. 1646 59

In the past several years, the collective understanding of cervicitis has extended beyond the recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the prime etiologic suspects. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus cause cervicitis, and both Mycoplasma genitalium and bacterial vaginosis have emerged as new candidate etiologic agents or conditions. However, major gaps in our knowledge of this common condition remain. Putative etiologic agents have not been identified in many women with cervicitis. Moreover, cervicitis occurs in a relatively small proportion of women with chlamydia or gonorrhea. Finally, scant research has addressed the clinical response of nonchlamydial and nongonococcal cervicitis to antibiotic therapy, and there are no data on the benefit of sex partner treatment for such women. New research into the etiology, immunology, and natural history of this common condition is needed, especially in view of the well-established links between cervicitis and an increased risk of upper genital tract infection and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition.
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PMID:Management of women with cervicitis. 1734 63

A clinics-bacteriological study of 52 patients with urethritis was carried out. All the patients were evaluated clinically and bacteriologically at the beginning and end of the treatment. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group 21-30 years (58%). Incidence of gonococcal urethritis was 65% and Non gonococcal Urethritis (NGU) 35%. The common organisms causing NGU were chlamydia (28%) ureaplasma (11%) and mycoplasma (11%). Neisseria gonorrhoea was resistant to penicillin in (38%), ciprolloxacin in 67, and to noriloxaein in 6% cases. High incidence of HIV positivity was found in gonorrhoea (21%).
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PMID:Clinical and bacteriological study of urethral discharge. 1766 35

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic male patients with urethral infections attending a government sexually transmitted infection clinic in Hong Kong and their microbiological profile. A total of 274 consecutive male patients without any symptoms for urethral infections were recruited. A questionnaire was used to record the symptoms, sexual history and demographics. Further assessment, including urethral smear for Gram stain, gonococcal culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) were performed. In 274 asymptomatic patients, 36 patients had non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and two patients had positive gonococcal culture. Among the asymptomatic patients with NGU, there were 6 (16.6%), 10 (22.8%) and five (13.9%) patients with positive PCR for CT, UU and MG, respectively. In addition, there were 14 asymptomatic patients with positive PCR for CT but without evidence of NGU. In conclusion, urethral infections were identified in a significant number of asymptomatic male patients and therefore, routine screening for this group is warranted.
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PMID:Asymptomatic urethral infection in male sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees. 1839 52

Diverse studies demonstrate an association between Mycoplasma genitalium and urogenital pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of M. genitalium in patients attending gynecological evaluation in private clinics (n = 172). DNA amplification assays of the genes 16S rRNA and MgPa were utilized. The prevalence of M. genitalium in the study population was 7.5%. M. genitalium was detected in 12.1% and 4.1% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively (p = 0.047). The infection was diagnosed in patients with cervicitis (17.2%) and mucopurulent secretion (16.6%) and the highest prevalence of infections was registered in the 31-40 years age group. No significant association between the presence of M.genitalium and individual clinical manifestations or the patients age was showed (p > 0.05). The high prevalence of M. genitalium infections, mostly in patients with clinical manifestations showed in this study, warrants the application of diagnostic strategies in the population to investigate the clinical meaning of these microorganisms and to reevaluate therapeutic schemes against non-gonococcal and non-chlamydial infections.
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PMID:[Mycoplasma genitalium detection and correlation with clinical manifestations in population of the Zulia State, Venezuela]. 1876 71

To determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in the pharynges of Japanese female sex workers practicing fellatio on their clients, vaginal swabs and throat washings were collected from 403 female sex workers attending a clinic in Kyoto, Japan, for regular screening of gonococcal and chlamydial infections. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in vaginal and throat specimens were tested by nucleic acid amplification tests. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum in the genitals was 1.7%, 7.2%, 1.7%, 19.6%, 40.4%, and 10.2%, respectively, whereas their prevalence in the pharynges was 4.0%, 2.0%, 0%, 1.2%, 0.2%, and 0.7%, respectively. Gonococcal infection in the pharynx was significantly associated with gonococcal infection in the genitals. Chlamydial infection in the pharynx was also significantly associated with chlamydial infection in the genitals. M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum were all detected in vaginal swabs and in throat washings; however, M. genitalium was detected in vaginal swabs but not in throat washings. For each of these genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, a positive test result in the pharynx was not significantly associated with a positive result in the genitals. M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum were detected in throat washings, but M. genitalium was not. These findings do not necessarily rule out the transmission of M. genitalium from the pharynx to the urethra by orogenital sex.
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PMID:Failure to detect Mycoplasma genitalium in the pharynges of female sex workers in Japan. 2001 33

Symptoms of urethritis in men typically include urethral discharge, penile itching or tingling, and dysuria. A diagnosis can be made if at least one of the following is present: discharge, a positive result on a leukocyte esterase test in first-void urine, or at least 10 white blood cells per high-power field in urine sediment. The primary pathogens associated with urethritis are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Racial disparities in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections persist in the United States, with rates of gonorrhea 40 times higher in black adolescent males than in white adolescent males. Recent studies have focused on identifying causes of nongonococcal urethritis and developing testing for atypical organisms, such as Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species. Less common pathogens identified in patients with urethritis include Trichomonas species, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus. History and examination findings can help distinguish urethritis from other urogenital syndromes, such as epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis. The goals of treatment include alleviating symptoms; preventing complications in the patient and his sexual partners; reducing the transmission of coinfections (particularly human immunodeficiency virus); identifying and treating the patient's contacts; and encouraging behavioral changes that will reduce the risk of recurrence. The combination of azithromycin or doxycycline plus ceftriaxone or cefixime is considered first-line empiric therapy in patients with urethritis. Expedited partner treatment, which involves giving patients prescriptions for partners who have not been examined by the physician, is advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and has been approved in many states. There is an association between urethritis and an increased human immunodeficiency virus concentration in semen.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. 2132 7

Mycoplasma genitalium is the causative agent of non-gonococcal, chlamydia-negative urethritis in men and has been linked to reproductive tract disease syndromes in women. As with other mycoplasmas, M. genitalium lacks many regulatory genes because of its streamlined genome and total dependence on a parasitic existence. Therefore, it is important to understand how gene regulation occurs in M. genitalium, particularly in response to environmental signals likely to be encountered in vivo. In this study, we developed an oligonucleotide-based microarray to investigate transcriptional changes in M. genitalium following osmotic shock. Using a physiologically relevant osmolarity condition (0.3 M sodium chloride), we identified 39 upregulated and 72 downregulated genes. Of the upregulated genes, 21 were of unknown function and 15 encoded membrane-associated proteins. The majority of downregulated genes encoded enzymes involved in energy metabolism and components of the protein translation process. These data provide insights into the in vivo response of M. genitalium to hyperosmolarity conditions and identify candidate genes that may contribute to mycoplasma survival in the urogenital tract.
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PMID:Transcriptional response of Mycoplasma genitalium to osmotic stress. 2105 89

To confirm the efficacy of the treatment regimen with oral levofloxacin (LVFX) 500 mg once daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), we evaluated the microbiological and clinical outcomes of the regimen in those patients. We finally evaluated 53 patients with symptomatic NGU and 5 patients with asymptomatic NGU. As a result of microbiological examinations, 19 of the symptomatic patients were diagnosed as having non-gonococcal chlamydial urethritis (NGCU); 13 had non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis (NGNCU), and 21 had urethritis without any microbial detection. Five of the asymptomatic patients were diagnosed as having NGCU. Microbiological cure was achieved in 91% of the 32 patients with symptomatic NGU and in 80% of the 5 patients with asymptomatic NGCU. Clinical cure was obtained in 92% of the 53 patients with symptomatic NGU. The microbiological eradication rate for Chlamydia trachomatis was 92% in 24 patients. As for other organisms, the microbiological eradication rate for Mycoplasma genitalium was 60% in 5 patients and that for Ureaplasma urealyticum was 100% in 10. The microbiological and clinical efficacy of oral LVFX 500 mg once daily for 7 days for the patients with NGU was the same for the azithromycin (AZM) 1,000 mg single dose that we previously reported. The eradication rates of C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum in the treatment regimen with LVFX 500 mg were high enough in the clinical setting; however, for M. genitalium, the rate was relatively inferior to that with AZM.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. 2117 40

Mycoplasma genitalium is attracting increasing recognition as an important sexually transmitted pathogen. Presented is a review of the epidemiology, detection, presentation and management of M. genitalium infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that M. genitalium is an important cause of non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, and is linked with pelvic inflammatory disease and, possibly, obstetric complications. Although there is no standard detection assay, several nucleic acid amplification tests have >95% sensitivity and specificity for M. genitalium. To date, there is a general lack of established protocols for screening in public health clinics. Patients with urethritis or cervicitis should be screened for M. genitalium and some asymptomatic sub-groups should be screened depending on individual factors and local prevalence. Investigations estimating M. genitalium geographic prevalence document generally low incidence, but some communities exhibit infection frequencies comparable to that of Chlamydia trachomatis. Accumulating evidence supports an extended regimen of azithromycin for treatment of M. genitalium infection, as data suggest that stat 1 g azithromycin may be less effective. Although data are limited, azithromycin-resistant cases documented to date respond to an appropriate fluoroquinolone (e.g. moxifloxacin). Inconsistent clinical recognition of M. genitalium may result in treatment failure and subsequent persistence due to ineffective antibiotics. The contrasting nature of existing literature regarding risks of M. genitalium infection emphasises the need for further carefully controlled studies of this emerging pathogen.
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PMID:A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and evidence-based management of Mycoplasma genitalium. 2159 28


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