Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026918 (Mycobacterium)
 52,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activities of two glycylcyclines, CL 329,998 and CL 331,002 (two new semisynthetic tetracyclines), were evaluated in comparison with those of tetracycline and other available oral antimicrobial agents. A total of 523 recent clinical isolates were studied, including strains resistant to tetracycline. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were generally > or = 16-fold more susceptible to the glycylcyclines than to tetracycline (although less difference was seen with Proteus spp.). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was modestly susceptible to both new compounds (MIC for 90% of strains tested [MIC90], 16 micrograms/ml). Tetracycline- and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were all susceptible to the glycylcyclines (MIC90 < or = 1 microgram/ml). Streptococci (including Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium displayed a bimodal distribution of susceptibility to tetracycline yet were uniformly susceptible to the glycylcyclines (MIC90 < or = 0.25 microgram/ml). The glycylcyclines were highly potent against Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus, and Bacteroides spp. (MIC90 < or = 0.5 microgram/ml). Strains of Chlamydia spp. (three C. trachomatis strains and one C. pneumoniae strain) were inhibited by < or = 0.25 microgram of CL 329,998 or CL 331,002 per ml. Two strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were inhibited by < or = 0.12 microgram of CL 331,002 per ml and by 1 microgram of CL 329,998 per ml. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium were resistant to the two glycylcyclines (MIC > or = 8 micrograms/ml). These results indicate that the two glycylcyclines have potent in vitro activities against a wide range of clinically important pathogenic bacteria.
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PMID:In vitro activities of two glycylcyclines. 806 44

We have studied the bioavailability of clofazimine following administration of a single dose of the drug in the biodegradable polymer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). We compared the levels of clofazimine achieved in the liver with single implants with those obtained with daily oral treatment. Even though the levels achieved with implants were much lower than those obtained after daily oral treatment, they were higher than the MIC of clofazimine for Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Experimental studies in beige mice after infection with MAC strain 101 showed similar reductions in cfu counts, after both single dose polymer and daily oral treatment. Macroscopically, hyperpigmentation giving an orange-yellow colour to all visceral organs, was seen in animals after daily oral treatment but not in those animals that received polymer implants.
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PMID:Bioavailability and chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice following a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. 818 8

Clarithromycin is a potent macrolide that has been used for treating infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Pairs of susceptible and resistant Mycobacterium intracellulare strains were obtained from patients with chronic pulmonary M. intracellulare infections undergoing monotherapy with clarithromycin. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the peptidyltransferase region in 23S rRNAs from parental and resistant strains revealed that in three of six resistant strains, for which the MIC was > 32 micrograms/ml, a single base was mutated (Escherichia coli equivalent, A-2058-->G, C, or U). As the modification of adenine 2058 by dimethylation is a frequent cause of macrolide resistance in a variety of different bacteria, we suggest that mutation of A-2058 confers acquired resistance to clarithromycin in M. intracellulare.
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PMID:Identification of mutations in 23S rRNA gene of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium intracellulare. 819 72

The MICs of ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and fusidic acid for clinical isolates of Mycobacterium kansasii were determined by the radiometric (BACTEC) method. All drugs except azithromycin elicited MICs for 90% of the strains tested that were lower than previously reported achievable maximum concentrations in serum. Ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and clarithromycin had the largest maximum concentration in serum/MIC for 90% of strains ratio of the drugs tested.
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PMID:Susceptibility of Mycobacterium kansasii to ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and fusidic acid. 823 20

The efficacy of three fluorinated quinolones, clinafloxacin (PD 127391), sparfloxacin (PD 131501) and PD 131628, either alone or in combination with rifampicin/rifabutin, against Mycobacterium leprae was evaluated in vitro using two biochemical parameters to measure the metabolic activity of the organism. Clinafloxacin was found to be most effective with an MIC of 0.75 mg/L, followed by sparfloxacin (MIC 1.5 mg/L) and PD131628 (MIC 3.0 mg/L). When combined with rifampicin each of the three quinolones were additive to the activity. However, when combined with rifabutin, both clinafloxacin and sparfloxacin demonstrated pronounced synergic activity. Incorporation of clinafloxacin and rifabutin in a multi-drug therapy regimen is suggested.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of three new fluoroquinolones and synergy with ansamycins against Mycobacterium leprae. 826 66

Mycobacterium haemophilum, first described in 1978, can cause severe infections of skin, respiratory tract, bone, and other organs of immunocompromised patients. There is no standardized antimicrobial susceptibility test, and for the 27 reported cases, a variety of test methods have been used. This paper reports the in vitro test results for 17 isolates of M. haemophilum recovered from 12 patients in the New York City area. MICs of 16 antimicrobial agents were determined in microtiter trays containing Middlebrook 7H9 broth plus 60 microM hemin, inoculated with 10(6) CFU of the organism per ml and incubated at 30 degrees C for 10 days. Ethambutol, ethionamide, tetracycline, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were inactive against initial isolates from the 12 patients. Isoniazid was weakly active with a MIC for 50% of strains tested (MIC50) of 8 micrograms/ml and a MIC90 of > 32 micrograms/ml. Three quinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and sparfloxacin, were moderately active with MIC50s of 2 to 4 micrograms/ml and MIC90s of 4 to 8 micrograms/ml. Amikacin and clofazamine were active with MIC90s of 4 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide with a MIC90 of < or = 0.25 microgram/ml. The MIC90 of azithromycin was 8 micrograms/ml, and the MIC90 of erythromycin was 4 micrograms/ml. The rifamycins were active with a MIC90 of 1 microgram/ml for rifampin and one of < or = 0.03 micrograms/ml for rifabutin. For a second isolate from the skin of one patient and a isolate from an autopsy culture of the spleen of a second patient, MICs of rifampin and rifabutin were > 16 microgram/ml, whereas initial isolates were inactivated by low concentrations of the rifamycins. Both patients had been treated for several months with several antimicrobial agents, including a rifamycin.
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PMID:Activities of antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium haemophilum. 828 13

Various new quinolones were measured for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare by the two-fold dilution methods using two types of media, 7H11 agar medium and 1% Ogawa egg medium. The MIC90s of test quinolones determined on 7H11 agar medium and Ogawa egg medium were as follows. M. avium (20 strains): ofloxacin (OFLX), 50 and 50 micrograms/ml; ciprofloxacin (CPFX), 12.5 and 25 micrograms/ml; sparfloxacin (SPFX), 6.25 and 12.5 micrograms/ml; fleroxacin (FLRX), 50 and 50 micrograms/ml; Y-26611, 100 and 100 micrograms/ml; OPC-17116, 12.5 and 50 micrograms/ml, for 7H11 agar and Ogawa egg medium, respectively. M. intracellulare (20 strains): OFLX, 50 and 50 micrograms/ml; CPFX, 25 and 25 micrograms/ml; SPFX, 12.5 and 12.5 micrograms/ml; FLRX, 50 and 50 micrograms/ml; Y-26611, > 100 and > 100 micrograms/ml; OPC-17116, 12.5 and > 100 micrograms/ml, for 7H11 agar and Ogawa egg medium, respectively. Thus, the MIC values determined by the 7H11 agar medium were comparable to those by the 1% Ogawa egg medium, except for OPC-17116. Moreover, from the above MIC values, it can be regarded that the potencies of in vitro antimicrobial activity of test quinolones against M. avium are in the order of SPFX > CPFX > or = OPC-17116 > or = OFLX > or = FLRX > Y-26611 and those against M. intracellulare are in the order of SPFX > OPC-17116 not equal to CPFX > OFLX = FLRX > Y-26611. There was found the tendency that M. avium has somewhat higher susceptibility to these quinolones as compared to M. intracellulare.
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PMID:[Antimicrobial activity of new quinolones against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare determined by the dilution methods using 7H11 agar and Ogawa egg media]. 833 81

Twenty clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare were tested with amikacin and sulphamethoxazole for in-vitro susceptibilities. The MICs and MBCs of the former drug ranged from 8 to > 64 mg/L (median MIC: 64 mg/L, median MBC: > 64 mg/L). The MICs and MBCs of the latter drug were found to be > 256 mg/L. Each of eight patients with invasive pulmonary disease due to these organisms was treated with amikacin for six months and with cotrimoxazole (sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim) for one year. Only one patient had sustained bacteriological conversion. Three patients showed a transient reduction of bacillary load during the period of amikacin administration. The rest all failed to show response. Thus sulphamethoxazole was found to have no activity against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, and amikacin has doubtful activity when used alone in treatment of M. avium-intracellulare infection.
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PMID:Lack of activities of amikacin and sulphamethoxazole against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. 835 90

We evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of NM394 and ofloxacin (OFLX) against representative pathogenic mycobacteria by the agar dilution method, using 7H11 agar medium. NM394 showed appreciable antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC90 = 0.78 micrograms/ml), M. kansasii (MIC90 = 6.25 micrograms/ml), M. marinum (MIC90 = 3.13 micrograms/ml) and M. fortuitum (MIC90 = 3.13 micrograms/ml), whereas the agent was not active against M. scrofulaceum (MIC90 = > 100 micrograms/ml), M. avium (MIC90 = 50 micrograms/ml), M. intracellulare (MIC90 = > 100 micrograms/ml), M. chelonae subsp. abscessus (MIC90 = > 100 micrograms/ml) and M. chelonae subsp. chelonae (MIC90 = 25 micrograms/ml). The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the agent against M. fortuitum was a little more active than that of OFLX, whereas the activity of NM394 against the other mycobacteria was slightly inferior to that of OFLX. The antimycobacterial activity of NM394 against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC:NM394 = 0.78 micrograms/ml, OFLX = 0.78 micrograms/ml) phagocytosed in murine peritoneal macrophages was less active than that of OFLX, when the macrophages were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 1 microgram/ml or 10 micrograms/ml of these agents for up to 5 days.
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PMID:[In vitro antimycobacterial activity of a new quinolone, NM394]. 839 11

MICs of a newly developed benzoxazinorifamycin derivative, KRM-1648, for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were determined by the BACTEC 460 TB system and compared with those of other known antimicrobial agents. The radiometric method gave a fast, accurate, and reproducible MIC for each antimicrobial agent. MICs of KRM-1648 for 30 strains of MAC (10 strains each of M. avium isolated from AIDS and non-AIDS patients and of Mycobacterium intracellulare isolated from non-AIDS patients) were measured. The MICs, ranging from 0.004 to 0.0625 microgram/ml, were the lowest of all tested drugs, including rifampin, rifabutin, streptomycin, kanamycin, isoniazid, ethambutol, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and clarithromycin. The MICs were 2 to 512 and 1 to 32 times lower than those of rifampin and rifabutin, respectively. With rifampin and ethambutol, there were some differences between the MICs for M. avium isolated from AIDS patients (American) and those for M. avium from non-AIDS patients (Japanese). Moreover, appreciable differences between the MICs of some drugs against M. avium and M. intracellulare isolated from non-AIDS patients were found. Many strains of M. avium were more susceptible to ofloxacin than M. intracellulare, but, conversely, M. avium was more resistant to rifampin, streptomycin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin than M. intracellulare.
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PMID:In vitro antimicrobial activity of benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, against Mycobacterium avium complex, determined by the radiometric method. 843 Oct 20


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