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Query: UMLS:C0026918 (Mycobacterium)
 52,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Water-soluble substances have been extracted from two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis: the native hydrosoluble part (polysaccharide and peptidoglycan), a substance in which the polysaccharide moiety is less abundant than in the latter, the acetylated peptidoglycan and, finally a tetrasaccharide-heptapeptide. All four types of substances, when they were injected together with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, exerted an adjuvant effect on the production of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin in the guinea pig and on the production of anti-influenza virus antibodies in the rabbit. Injected intravenously in the mouse, they increased the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and enhanced the graft versus host reaction; no effect was seen on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system. By contrast with wax D, the water-soluble substances were devoid of arthritis-inducing activity in the rat. Altogether, these water-soluble substances seem to be endowed with at least some of the adjuvant activities of Freund's complete adjuvant and some of the immunostimulant activities of a live Mycobacterium like BCG.
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PMID:Adjuvant and immunostimulating activities of water-soluble substances extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (var. hominis). 0 66

Isolants from swine and from humans representing serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex were compared for heat tolerance in aqueous suspension. The most heat-resistant isolant found was a serovar 10 isolated from a human. This isolant was examined further to determine the rate of kill at various temperatures and pH's, the effect of meat protein and fat, and the effect of nitrite. Kill rates were not significant at 60 degrees C or below. Decimal reduction values were 4 min or less at 65 degrees C and 1.5 min or less at 70 degrees C. Kill rates were slightly higher at pH values of 6.5 and 7.0 than at 5.5 or 6.0. the water-soluble fraction of wiener emulsion did not alter kill rates, but the saline-soluble fraction protected the organism somewhat. Fat did not affect the survival of the organisms except to eliminate the protective effect of saline extract when the suspension contained 50% fat. The addition of sodium nitrite to the suspension did not alter the heat sensitivity of the organisms.
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PMID:Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in aqueous suspension. 4 44

Specific-pathogen-free CD-1 mice were treated orally with the drug tilorone (2,7-bis[2-diethylaminoethoxy]fluoren-9-one hydrochloride) at dosages of 10 or 100 mg per kg of body weight. Drug was given 24 h before challenge and then every other day for up to 15 days. Growth of sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal), M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and Salmonella enteritidis in the livers and spleens of intravenously challenged mice was significantly increased compared with that in control animals receiving distilled water orally. Tilorone given every other day at a dosage of 10 mg/kg reduced (but did not completely ablate) the tuberculin response to the mycobacterial infections. Both tuberculin hypersensitivity and anti-mycobacterial resistance returned to normal values within days of stopping the drug treatment. Tilorone treatment at the 100-mg/kg dose level increased the growth of S. enteritidis in both intravenously and intragastrically challenged mice; this effect seemed to be due to the reduced ability of the host to express the normal granulomatous response to the microbial infection within the liver and spleen.
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PMID:Effect of tilorone treatment on intracellular microbial infections in specific-pathogen-free mice. 12 66

Twenty four cultures of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the water of the Rybinsk Reservoir on a medium containing organic matter. Bacteria belonging to the families Pseudomonadaceae and Achromobacteriaceae were most widely distributed; bacteria of the Mycobacteriaceae family were encountered less often. Predominating species which belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, and Corynebacterium were isolated from the central part of the Reservoir. The special composition depended on the season. Bacteria of the Caulobacter genus were isolated mainly by the end of July and in May. Bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus predominated in March. Microflora belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium was more constant. Bacteria isolated on media with the minimum content of organic matter (0.5 mg C per litre) belonged mainly to the Pseudomonas genus. Morphological, cultural, and physiological properties of the bacteria were studied. The bacteria grew on media containing carbohydrates and alcohols as a source of carbon though organic acids were assimilated to a less extent. The activity of catalase was found in the cultures, with an exception of the genera Caulobacter and Achromobacter.
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PMID:[Species composition of heterotrophic bacteria in the water of the Rybinek reservoir]. 14 98

Germfree F344 rats developed severe arthritis with 100% incidence after a single intradermal inection of either squalane containing 0.5 mg of heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG or a water-in-oil emulsion containing 0.2 mg of peptidoglycan derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conventional F344 rats developed less-severe arthritis with 20% incidence for heat-killed BCG and 0% incidence for peptidoglycan. Specific-pathogen-free rats showed an intermediate susceptibility between germfree and conventional rats. Interestingly, both unimmunized specific-pathogen-free and conventional rats. but not unimmunized germfree rats, showed weak delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to peptidoglycans derived from either S. epidermidis or Lactobacillus plantarum, suggesting that a bacterial flora may furnish a stimulus for induction of cell-mediated immunity to ubiquitous bacterial peptidoglycans. It is thus possible that although a bacterial flora is not necessary for development of adjuvant arthritis, it may have some suppressive effect on the development of the disease in specific-pathogen-free and conventional F344 rats, possibly through modulation of the immune response.
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PMID:Susceptibility to adjuvant-induced arthritis among germfree, specific-pathogen-free, and conventional rats. 16 Aug 88

Intratumor chemotherapy with the use of mitomycin C and/or immunotherapy caused regression of line 10 carcinomas in strain 2 guinea pigs and resulted in development of tumor-specific immunity. The immunotherapeutic preparation consisted of oil-in-water emulsions containing Mycobacterium cell walls or residues of cell walls termed cell wall skeletons. The latter preparations were combined with trehalose dimycolate, which was isolated by microparticulate chromatography from whole cells of mycobacteria. Reducing mitomycin C to a single intratumor injection of 50 microgram produced little necrotizing effect and a mean tumor regression rate of 17%. Intratumor immunotherapy 1 day after treatment with 50 microgram of mitomycin C resulted in regression of 90% of the treated tumors as compared to mean regression rates of 30 to 50% for immunotherapy alone. In addition, chemoimmunotherapy was more effective than either chemotherapy or immunotherapy alone in producing regression of relatively large, as well as smaller, tumors.
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PMID:Intratumor chemoimmunotherapy with mitomycin C and components from mycobacteria in regression of line 10 tumors in guinea pigs. 20 61

The adjuvant effects of mycobacteria can be replaced by more chemically defined isolates of the cell walls including a water soluble fraction (WSA) and by the synthetic analog N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), which is the minimal structure required for adjuvanticity. These compounds can directly activate macrophages as determined by an increase in spreading and adherence and by an elevated synthesis of the enzyme collagenase. Moreover, this increase in collagenase production is modulated by enhanced production of prostaglandins that influences intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. In addition, both MDP and WSA induced macrophages to produce a biologically active mediator that triggers quiescent fibroblasts into active proliferation. It thus appears that a mechanism for mycobacterial adjuvant action as determined with MDP and WSA is via activation of macrophages, which may then precipitate a multiplicity of other reactions resulting in enhanced immune phenomena. Furthermore, the granulomatous and fibrotic reactions associated with mycobacterial infection may be a consequence of this direct activation of macrophages.
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PMID:Macrophage activation by mycobacterial water soluble compounds and synthetic muramyl dipeptide. 22 82

Seven Mycobacterium strains were grown statically on salts-glycerol-asparagine (Sauton) or on salts-glucose-glutamate (Sym) media. At desired time of incubation, the bacteria were washed with water, disintegrated with powdered corundum and in resulting cell-free extracts L-asparaginase activity was determined by the Conway method. The majority of experiments were performed on M. phlei which exhibited considerable rise in L-asparaginase activity with increasing age of the culture. This change did not occur on Sym medium because of Zn2+, which proved to abolish the effect of the enzyme induction in vivo but did not inhibit the activity in vitro. Addition of rifampicin to Sauton culture media resulted in a low enzyme level. Exogenous asparagine and glycerol were not indispensable for the enzyme synthesis and could be replaced by glutamate and glucose, respectively.
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PMID:L-asparaginase activity of Mycobacterium phlei under various growth conditions. 24 89

Eight strains of mycobacteria isolated from tuberculous lymph nodes of swine were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8. The infected swine were borne in a large breeding herd and as 8 weeks old piglets distributed to a number of farms for fattening. Autopsy material from the breeding herd, incriminated as the primary source of M. intracellulare, serotype 8 infection, has not been available for bacteriological examination, but none of a number of sows slaughtered showed any visible lesions. The organism, however, was isolated from sawdust-bedding and dust collected in pigpens. Eight samples of water collected from the well and several pipelines and taps of the automatic watering system in the infected pigpens all turned out negative. Results of medical examination of 7 farmworkers from farm G excluded the possibility of a human source of infection. Altogether 799 out of about 2000 piglets raised at farm G. and distributed for fattening to 7 different farms were detained for tuberculosis-like lesions when slaughtered some three months later. In none of the seven farms did spread of the infection occur, and despite no special measures of segregation and disinfection were taken, the M. intracellulare infection left the premises with the last pig from farm G. Neither in sow herd G. animal to animal infection seemed important. Following a rigid practice of cleaning and disinfection of the sow pens in between each litter, the infection which apparently had persisted in the environment for about nine months, disappeared and the sow herd could be saved.
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PMID:An epizootic of Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 infection in swine. 32 3

Guinea pigs immunized with intact or disrupted armadillo-grown human Mycobacterium leprae administered in aqueous or oil vehicles were tested with various dilutions of M. leprae suspended in saline, water-soluble M. leprae extract, purified protein derivative, and a water-soluble extract of normal armadillo tissue. The results demonstrated the following. (i) Under no conditions was any skin test reactivity found to normal armadillo tissue extract. (ii) Positive sensitization to both M. leprae and its water-soluble extract was achieved by sensitizing guinea pigs with M. leprae suspended in Hanks solution or saline. Autoclaved M. leprae in Hanks solution or saline inoculated intradermally was an effective immunogen. Oil suspensions or emulsions were effective at sensitization, but appeared to be no better and, in general, slightly weaker, than simple inoculation in aqueous suspension. (iii) Living BCG failed to reveal a significant adjuvant effect on sensitization to M. leprae. However, cord factor appeared to potentiate slightly the sensitization to M. leprae in aqueous suspension. (iv) The minimum dose required for sensitization with M. leprae in aqueous suspension was 55 micrograms of purified bacilli. (v) Animals inoculated with M. leprae in saline or with M. leprae together with BCG showed positive skin test reactivity to the first skin test application made fully 1 year after the initial sensitization. The efficacy of autoclaved, irradiated M. leprae in aqueous, oil-free medium suggests a relatively safe approach to human vaccination studies.
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PMID:Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium leprae in guinea pigs. 37 38


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