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Query: UMLS:C0026918 (Mycobacterium)
 52,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mycobacterium BCG grew exponentially in shallow, static volumes of culture medium for approximately 10 days; the oxygen tension of the medium at all stages of growth was 100% saturation. Higher yields were obtained from Dubos than from glycerol-free medium. In static cultures, the oxygen tension of the culture and consequently the growth rate of BCG was dependent on the depth of the medium; active growth ceased at an oxygen tension of less than 40% saturation. BCG grew actively in a cell sediment, while cells growing in suspension made a negligible contribution to the yield.
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PMID:Growth studies on Mycobacterium BCG: establishment of growth curves and measurement of the oxygen tension of the growth medium. 675 73

Growth of Mycobacterium BCG, (BCG), in semi-solid Dubos medium (containing glucose) was microaerophilic; the organisms were less microaerophilic in semi-solid glycerol-free medium (containing only amino acid nutrients). In Marks medium (containing glycerol) BCG grew aerobically at the air/liquid interface. Non-mycobacterial species showed changes from microaerophilic to aerobic growth much more readily than did BCG. Aeration characteristics of culture media were evaluated by measuring the oxygen transfer rates (OTR). OTR values were affected by the concentration of carbohydrates in the medium and varied inversely with volume. The growth of BCG in both static shaken liquid cultures substantiated the results of the oxygen preference experiments.
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PMID:Growth studies on Mycobacterium BCG: oxygen preference. 676 55

1) The particulate fraction of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli (Mycobacterium lepraemurium, rough colonies of the Hawaiian-Ogawa strain) contained phospholipid deacylating activities with acidic pH optima. It hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine at similar rates, and phosphatidylinositol oligomannosides more slowly. It also hydrolyzed 1-acyl- and 2-acyl-GPCs (sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine) more rapidly than phosphatidylcholine. 2) Ca2+ did not stimulate either diacyl- or monoacyl-hydrolase activity. Triton X-100 and Emulgen 913 had little influence on the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, but at rather high concentrations inhibited the hydrolyses of 1-acyl- and 2-acyl-GPCs. Iron ions strongly inhibited the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, but caused little or no inhibition of the deacylations of 1-acyl- and 2-acyl-GPCs. 3) With 1-[stearoyl-14C]phosphatidylcholine and 2-[oleoyl-14C]phosphatidylcholine as substrates, both labeled fatty acid and lysophosphatidylcholine were produced. Labeled fatty acid appeared more rapidly from 2-[oleoyl-14C]phosphatidylcholine than labeled lysophosphatidylcholine, while labeled lysophosphatidylcholine was produced more than labeled fatty acid from 1-[stearoyl-14C]phosphatidylcholine in the early stage of incubation.
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PMID:Phospholipid deacylating activities in murine leprosy bacilli. 700 63

An alcohol dehydrogenase of broad specificity was purified 43-fold from extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (BCG) grown on Sauton medium. It was also present in cells grown in Dubos medium and Tween 80 and bovine serum albumin. The enzyme, which appeared to be soluble, acted as an oxidoreductase in the system butan-1-ol-NADP. It was eluted from Sephadex G-200, hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose in a single peak. The molecular weight, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, was about 75,000. Results of electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels were compatible with the existence of two subunits each of molecular weight 37,500. The optimum pH was about 8.5 when the enzyme catalysed the oxidation of butan-1-ol, and about 8.2 for the reverse reaction. The apparent Km was 0.125 mM for butyraldehyde and 0.22 M for butan-1-ol. The dehydrogenase activity was maintained after heat treatment (40 min at 55 degrees C) in the presence of 30% (W/V) glycerol, but was abolished by heating (40 min at 55 degrees C) in the presence of 0.1 M-EDTA. The activity of enzyme inactivated by heat and EDTA could be fully restored at room temperature in the presence of 2 mM-Zn2+.
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PMID:Partial purification and characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (BCG). 703 14

Mycobacteria have the ability to enhance or depress immune responses. This paper describes experiments designed to investigate the parameters determining the direction of modulation. It has been shown previously that 10(8) liver Mycobacterium bovis BCG depress the ability of mouse spleen cells to produce a primary antibody response in vitro to SRBC 2-3 weeks after i.v. injection, whereas the same number of dead organisms enhance this response. Using the same growth medium for the BCG (Glaxo glycerol-free medium), we now find that decreasing the BCG dose to mice from 10(8) to 10 (6) liver organisms results in enhanced responses and increasing the dose to more than 10(8) dead organisms results in depressed responses. It thus appears that bacterial load is the important factor determining whether depression or enhancement of the primary antibody response will occur, rather than the viability of the organisms per se. However, when the BCG was grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth, doses as high as 4 X 10(9) dead BCG/mouse failed to depress although depressed responses were found if sufficient live organisms (7 X 10(8)) were injected. In view of the known growth characteristics of BCG in these 2 bacteriological media, it is suggested that the degree of aggregation of the injected suspension may also be of importance in determining whether or not depression will occur. A comparison of the effects of BCG injected untreated or after dispersion of bacterial aggregates supports this idea. Some degree of splenomegaly was always found in mice with depressed splenic responses but a large spleen did not necessarily yield cell suspensions with depressed responses.
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PMID:Mycobacterium bovis, BCG, modulation of murine antibody responses: influence of dose and degree of aggregation of live or dead organisms. 704 44

Glucose was established in Mycobacterium leprae by glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathway (30 %)-pentose phosphate pathway. Glycerol was also catabolised to CO2 at a similar rate to glucose. Key in cell-free extracts as enzymes for M. leprae.
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PMID:Metabolism of carbon sources by Mycobacterium leprae: a preliminary report. 705 26

1. Ten bacteria utilizing [2-14C]ethanol-2-amine as the sole or major source of nitrogen for growth on glycerol + salts medium incorporated radioactivity into a variety of bacterial substances. A high proportion was commonly found in lipid fractions, particularly in the case of Erwinia carotovora. 2. Detailed studies of [14C]ethanolamine incorporation into lipids by five bacteria, including E. carotovora, showed that all detectable lipids were labelled. Even where phosphatidylethanolamine was the major lipid labelled, radioactivity was predominantly in the fatty acid rather than the base moiety. The labelled fatty acids were identified in each case. 3. The addition of acetate to growth media decreased the incorporation of radioactivity from ethanolamine into both fatty acid and phosphatidyl-base fragments of lipids from all the bacteria except Mycobacterium smegmatis. Experiments with [3H]ethanolamine and [14C]acetate confirmed that unlabelled acetate decreased the incorporation of both radioactive isotopes into lipids, except in the case of M. smegmatis. 4. Enzyme studies suggested one of two metabolic routes between ethanolamine and acetyl-CoA for each of four bacteria. A role for ethanolamine O-phosphate was not obligatory for the incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine into phospholipids, but correlated with CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
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PMID:Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Biosynthetic utilization of ethanolamine for lipid synthesis by bacteria. 737 3

2,3-Dinitrilo-1,4-dithia-9,10-anthraquinone (DDA) is an effective inhibitor of respiration of intact cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis in the presence of glucose, glycerol, pyruvate, acetate and other citric acid cycle intermediates or substrates associated with this cyclic (glutamate, asparagine). DDA inhibits the incorporation of both 14C-leucine and 14C-adenine into appropriate macromolecules of M. smegmatis (TCA-precipitable fractions), and causes a drop in the incorporated activity of U-14C-glycine or its degradation products in all the cell fractions studied (lipids, RNA, DNA, proteins). DDA suppresses the growth of M. smegmatis probably through an interference with the cell energy-carbon metabolism.
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PMID:Effect of 2,3-dinitrilo-1,4-dithia-9,10-anthraquinone on Mycobacterium smegmatis. 742 71

A protein with a mol.mass of 51,000 (ThcE) that was induced in Rhodococcus sp. NI86/21 during assimilation of thiocarbamate herbicides, atrazine, ethanol, propanol, glycerol, propionaldehyde or ethanolamine was identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The thcE gene was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed ThcE as a member of group III alcohol dehydrogenases. ThcE displayed strong homology with sequenced subunit fragments of the homodecameric N,N'-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline-dependent alcohol oxidoreductases (MNO) of Amycolatopsis methanolica and Mycobacterium gastri. N-Terminal sequence analysis of purified MNO from Rhodococcus sp. NI86/21 confirmed the identity with ThcE. When overproduced in Escherichia coli, ThcE was insoluble and no MNO activity was detected.
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PMID:Characterization of the Rhodococcus sp. NI86/21 gene encoding alcohol: N,N'-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase inducible by atrazine and thiocarbamate herbicides. 757 99

The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of intracellular levels of cyclic AMP on phospholipid synthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607. The cyclic AMP levels were modulated by growing cells in the presence of activator (forskolin) and inhibitor (atropine) of adenylate cyclase, the synthesizing enzyme of cyclic AMP. Forskolin-grown cells exhibited a 1.4-fold increase in the level of cAMP while a similar decrease (1.8-fold) was seen with atropine-grown cells. These altered levels of cAMP in turn affected the total content, composition and synthesis of phospholipids. Total phospholipid content increased and decreased in cells grown in the presence of forskolin and atropine, respectively. These observations were further supported by alterations in [14C]acetate incorporation as well as in activities of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, the key enzymes of phospholipid synthesis. Protein phosphorylation mechanism seems to be involved in phospholipid metabolism as the activities of protein kinase increased and decreased in cells grown in forskolin or atropine cells. Our results demonstrate a correlation between phospholipid synthesis and intracellular levels of cAMP in M. smegmatis.
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PMID:Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in phospholipid synthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607. 760 3


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