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Query: UMLS:C0026918 (Mycobacterium)
 52,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a lethal infectious disease that has reached epidemic proportions in urban centers of the United States. Intraabdominal opportunistic infections and malignancies are common features of this syndrome. A prodromal phase or possibly milder form of infection is known as the AIDS-related complex. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) in patients with AIDS-related complex often demonstrates a triad of mild retroperitoneal and mesenteric adenopathy, splenomegaly, and perirectal inflammation. Lymph node enlargement greater than 1.5 cm is unusual in the AIDS-related complex and should prompt CT-guided biopsy. Abdominal adenopathy (greater than 1.5 cm) in AIDS, in our experience, is most commonly related to non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, or infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. In most instances, CT-guided biopsy with appropriate staining technique can readily distinguish these entities. However, the subtyping of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy alone remains controversial. Unusual features of abdominal malignancies are common in AIDS. These include a purely lymphadenopathic form of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma and a predilection for extranodal sites of lymphoma in AIDS. In general, patients with AIDS-related lymphoma present with advanced stages of disease with highly malignant histologic subtypes. Abdominal CT may be useful clinically for diagnosing intraabdominal complications of AIDS.
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PMID:Abdominal CT in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 351 46

More than 50% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop pulmonary disease during the course of their illness. The authors reviewed 96 computed tomographic (CT) scans of patients with AIDS in an attempt to describe disease entities by the patterns seen on the scans. Such patterns included isolated ground-glass and interstitial infiltrates, which are suggestive of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). If pleural effusions or parenchymal nodules are also present, AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) or Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is more likely. Although diffuse alveolar infiltrates are most commonly present in PCP, a segmental alveolar infiltrate is suggestive of a bacterial pneumonia, especially when associated with cavitation or ipsilateral pleural effusion. Well-defined nodules are typical for ARL, whereas ill-defined nodules are more commonly suggestive of KS. Accompanying adenopathy or effusion with nodules further suggests ARL. Different combinations of parenchymal, nodular, and pleural abnormalities may be suggestive for additional diagnoses, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M avium-intracellulare, and Cryptococcus neoformans infections and human immunodeficiency virus adenopathy. The authors believe that a specific pattern of involvement can help suggest a likely diagnosis in many instances.
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PMID:Pattern recognition of the pulmonary manifestations of AIDS on CT scans. 835 67

Specific infections and neoplasms that are complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occur within various CD4 lymphocyte count ranges. Knowledge of how these counts correlate with radiographic appearances of these entities can limit the differential diagnosis because certain conditions are uncommon above a specific count. In patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts above 200 cells/mm3 and radiographic findings of cavitary and noncavitary consolidation, bacterial pneumonia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the major diagnostic considerations. As the CD4 lymphocyte count falls, these infections are still common; however, cavitation is seen less frequently with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and unusual bacterial infections, including those caused by Rhodococcus equi and Nocardia asteroides, should be considered. In patients with counts below 200 cells/mm3, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common infection, usually manifesting radiographically as a reticular interstitial pattern. At CD4 lymphocyte counts of 50-200 cells/mm3, disseminated fungal infection and Kaposi sarcoma become prevalent. In patients with advanced AIDS and counts below 50 cells/mm3, radiographic nodular or reticular patterns may indicate AIDS-related lymphoma and cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections. When CD4 lymphocyte counts are applied to interpretation of chest radiographs in AIDS patients, the working differential diagnosis of a radiographic pattern can be tailored to the clinical situation of a given patient.
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PMID:Interpretation of chest radiographs in AIDS patients: usefulness of CD4 lymphocyte counts. 901 98