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Query: UMLS:C0026918 (Mycobacterium)
 52,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nine black children aged between 3 months and 30 months of age, with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection are described to draw the attention of health professionals in southern Africa to special clinical characteristics useful for recognising this problem, which has many shared features with common diseases of infancy and childhood in the Third World. The main presenting complaints were chronic cough and persistent diarrhoea and vomiting. These children frequently had diarrhoea (8 of 9 patients), mucocutaneous candidiasis (8), pneumonia (7), hepatosplenomegaly (9), significant lymphadenopathy (5) and wasting (5). All were infected by common bacteria, such as Gram-negative organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Campylobacter jejuni, or by opportunistic infections such as Candida or cytomegalovirus (CMV), or by both bacterial and opportunistic organisms. A raised total serum globulin level, anaemia, lymphopenia and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were frequent findings. Incomplete data on parental HIV status suggest perinatal transmission. Three of the children were HIV-antigen positive. The diagnosis of full-blown acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), using the stringent Centers for Disease Control criteria, is difficult in our situation because of limited diagnostic resources; however, using these criteria, and the clinical case definition for AIDS recommended by World Health Organisation, it is thought that probably 4 of these children could be considered as having AIDS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Some early observations on HIV infection in children at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. 223 85

The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis in South Africa, where tuberculosis remains a major health problem, are reviewed. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a high-grade pathogen and is able to establish infection early in immunodeficiency. With HIV infection showing significant entry into the heterosexual population in the RSA, an increasing number of cases with both infections can be expected to occur. The radiological appearance in combined infection is variable, ranging from a formal cavitatory picture to the more common finding of diffuse pulmonary infiltration. Intrathoracic adenopathy is a more specific sign of tuberculosis in HIV infection, since it is not associated with persistent generalised lymphadenopathy and pulmonary opportunistic infections, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Intercurrent pneumonic infections and other pulmonary manifestations of HIV disease render the interpretation of new infiltrates on chest radiography problematical. Tuberculin skin testing remains useful in HIV infection and should be performed in all HIV-infected patients. The value of tuberculosis serology still remains questionable. Standard antituberculosis drug regimens are effective, but maintenance treatment must be continued for life and should include isoniazid and rifampicin. BCG vaccination is recommended routinely at birth in infants with HIV infection and for asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals who have not previously been immunised.
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PMID:AIDS and tuberculosis. 223 87

Atypical mycobacterial infections play an important role in human pathogenicity. Mycobacterium avium complex has been reported to occur in 17% to 50% of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. In the southwestern United States, Mycobacterium kansasii is reported to be a predominate mycobacterial infection in middle-aged men. The epidemiology of the pathological species is discussed along with current recommendations for chemotherapeutic regimens.
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PMID:Atypical mycobacterial infections. 226 42

Current surveillance data indicate that the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). After years of decline, in 1986, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported a 2.6% rise in the number of cases of TB. The dual diagnosis of TB and HIV infection is being reported more frequently, especially among the inner city poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and intravenous drug users. Nurses need to be aware that intradermal tuberculin testing may be unreliable in HIV infected persons and that monitoring for treatment compliance may be difficult. Additionally, nurses should be aware of guidelines to minimize the potential for occupational exposure and the need for reporting all new cases and non-compliant persons to local health departments.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). 226 99

The diagnostic yield of mycobacterial blood cultures, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy for determining the cause of unexplained fever was compared prospectively in eight men and four women with serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and fever of undetermined origin. Mycobacterial infection was found in 8 of the 12 patients (Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 3 and Mycobacterium avium in 5). Mycobacteria were isolated from the blood of 6 of these 8 patients. The mean interval from blood culture inoculation to growth was 28 days. Acid-fast organisms or granulomas were seen in four bone marrow and six liver specimens. Liver biopsy revealed acid-fast bacilli in a higher percentage of cases (75%) than did bone marrow biopsy (25%). Mycobacterial blood culture is a relatively slow method that occasionally fails to diagnose mycobacterial infection. In febrile patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, liver biopsy is the most rapid method of diagnosing mycobacterial infection.
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PMID:Comparative yield of blood culture for fungi and mycobacteria, liver biopsy, and bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 222 8

Of 207 homosexual or bisexual patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 24 with the AIDS related complex, and 39 with asymptomatic HIV infection, 32 patients were found to have mycobacterial infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in 13 patients with AIDS and in two with the AIDS related complex. M avium-intracellulare was found in 15 patients with AIDS and was disseminated in 12. One patient was infected with M kansasii and one with M ulcerans. Invasive procedures were frequently required to obtain positive bacteriological results. Subclinical carriage of M avium-intracellulare and other mycobacteria thought to be nonpathogenic was common in patients seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus and at all stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. All but one isolate of M tuberculosis were fully sensitive to standard antimycobacterial antibiotics. Response to treatment was usually rapid. M avium-intracellulare isolates were all resistant to first line agents in vitro, and antibiotics such as ansamycin and amikacin were required to obtain a clinical response.
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PMID:Mycobacterial infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 208 83

From January 1, 1986 through June 30, 1989, 320 maintenance hemodialysis patients treated at The Brookdale Hospital Medical Center were tested for the presence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assays. Thirty-nine patients (12%) tested positive for HIV antibody (HIV+) with both the ELISA and Western blot, 24 (62%) of whom were known intravenous drug abusers (IVDA). Of the remaining non-IVDA patients, unanticipated HIV+ results were found in 10 (25%). Thirty-four (87%) of the 39 HIV+ patients were asymptomatic at the start of the study, while two had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and three others, AIDS-related complex (ARC). Four patients subsequently developed AIDS 20 +/- 4.9 weeks (range, 12 to 32) after testing, three of whom initially had ARC. One patient developed ARC 7 months after testing. Sixteen HIV+ patients died, including five of the six with AIDS, one with ARC, and two others from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The eight other deaths were from causes unrelated to HIV disease and occurred 12 +/- 2.3 months (range, 1 to 24) after testing. Two HIV+ patients were lost to follow-up. Twenty-one HIV+ patients (54%) are alive and 20 (51%) asymptomatic 15 +/- 2.4 months (range, 1 to 42) after HIV testing. Thus, despite HIV positivity, 28 patients (72%) had an asymptomatic period lasting 14 +/- 1.9 months (range, 1 to 42). Seventy-two of the 281 HIV-negative (HIV-) patients died during the study. None of the HIV- patients manifested ARC or AIDS, confirming that there was no false-negative HIV test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The incidence and epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection in 320 patients treated in an inner-city hemodialysis center. 236 3

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is frequently found in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and can result in diffuse lymphadenopathy from disseminated disease. A case is presented of esophageal erosion and perforation secondary to mediastinal lymph node enlargement from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Emergent surgical intervention required resection of the perforated esophagus, end-cervical esophagostomy, gastrostomy, and feeding jejunostomy. Long-term prognosis is poor owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, therefore, reconstruction at a later date is uncertain.
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PMID:Esophageal perforation in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 238 20

A longitudinal study with follow up to the end of 1989 was carried out on 23 patients with AIDS who had attended St. James's Hospital, Dublin, by the end of 1987. Until then only 33 cases of AIDS had been reported in Ireland. The patients, all of whom had antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were predominantly male, young (mean age 31.3 years) and belonged about equally to three major risk groups: homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers (IVDA) and haemophiliacs. AIDS was diagnosed because of oesophageal candidiasis (8 cases), Kaposi's sarcoma (4), mycobacterial infection (4), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3), toxoplasmosis (2) or encephalopathy (2). Malignant lymphoma and a variety of infections occurred in the course of illness, and neurological involvement developed in 11 patients (48%). Mortality following diagnosis of AIDS was 39% at one year and 64% after two years. Autopsy in 10 of the 16 deaths contributed much to defining the extent and nature of the disease. The demographic pattern, risk group status, survival and range of complications were broadly similar to the pattern of AIDS as seen elsewhere in developed countries. However, compared to the profile of disease reported from the United States, oesophageal candidiasis (52%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (22%) were more prominent, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (39%), Kaposi's sarcoma (22%) and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (13%) were less frequent and cryptococcal infection was not identified. These regional variations in the frequency of the various complications and particularly the prominence of tuberculosis, probably reflect the interaction of the immunocompromised patient with the local environment and may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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PMID:The emerging AIDS epidemic in Ireland--clinicopathological findings in 23 early cases. 239 Dec 9

Some characteristics of the sera and macrophages (MP) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients which might contribute to their unusual susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium infection were studied. Cultures of patient peripheral blood MP in medium supplemented with their sera or normal subject sera were infected with M. avium and compared with similar cultures of normal MP. Intracellular mycobacterial replication was measured in the infected MP by CFU counts of the bacteria made from lysed samples of the MP at 0, 4, and 7 days after MP infection. Sera from patients with chronic granulomatous infection with M. avium, but no HIV infection, also were studied. The sera from all of the patients with chronic granulomatous infection and from several HIV-infected patients were deficient or lacking in an inhibitor that in normal serum acts within normal MP to suppress intracellular growth of M. avium. Most of the HIV-infected patients also had MP that were abnormally permissive for M. avium because they responded poorly to the serum inhibitor. Elucidation of these associated defects in native defenses against M. avium may result in better prevention and therapy of M. avium infections.
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PMID:Defects in sera from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and from non-AIDS patients with Mycobacterium avium infection which decrease macrophage resistance to M. avium. 249 29


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