Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026850 (muscular dystrophy)
 5,870 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plectin is a widely expressed cytomatrix component involved in the attachment of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. We have recently reported that the skin and muscles of three patients affected by epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (MD-EBS), a genetic disorder characterized by skin blistering associated with muscle involvement, are not reactive with antibodies specific to plectin. We demonstrated that in the skin, lack of plectin leads to failure of keratin filaments to connect to the plasma membrane via the hemidesmosomes, whereas in the muscle the deficient expression of the molecule correlates with an aberrant localization of desmin in the muscle fibers. In this study we demonstrate that in a MD-EBS kindred with two affected members, the disease results from a homozygous nonsense mutation in the plectin (PLEC1) gene leading to a premature stop codon (CGA to TGA) and decay of the aberrant plectin messenger RNA. The segregation of the mutated allele implicates the mutation in the pathology of the disorder. These results confirm the critical role of plectin in providing cell resistance to mechanical stresses both in the skin and the muscle.
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PMID:A homozygous nonsense mutation in the PLEC1 gene in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. 894 34

Utrophin is the autosomal homologue of dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus. Utrophin expression is temporally and spatially regulated being developmentally down-regulated perinatally and enriched at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in adult muscle. Synaptic localization of utrophin occurs in part by heregulin-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-phosphorylation, leading to binding of GABPalpha/beta to the N-box/EBS and activation of the major utrophin promoter-A expressed in myofibers. However, molecular mechanisms contributing to concurrent extrasynaptic silencing that must occur to achieve NMJ localization are unknown. We demonstrate that the Ets-2 repressor factor (ERF) represses extrasynaptic utrophin-A in muscle. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated physical association of ERF with the utrophin-A promoter N-box/EBS site. ERF overexpression repressed utrophin-A promoter activity; conversely, small interfering RNA-mediated ERF knockdown enhanced promoter activity as well as endogenous utrophin mRNA levels in cultured muscle cells in vitro. Laser-capture microscopy of tibialis anterior NMJ and extrasynaptic transcriptomes and gene transfer studies provide spatial and direct evidence, respectively, for ERF-mediated utrophin repression in vivo. Together, these studies suggest "repressing repressors" as a potential strategy for achieving utrophin up-regulation in DMD, and they provide a model for utrophin-A regulation in muscle.
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PMID:Ets-2 repressor factor silences extrasynaptic utrophin by N-box mediated repression in skeletal muscle. 1750 53

Genetic mutations invalidating the genes for integrin alpha6beta4 and, in some cases, plectin are associated with junctional and simplex epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia (PA-JEB and PA-EBS), respectively. These recessive inherited conditions are characterized by pregnancies with fetal bullae, pyloric atresia, polyhydramnios, and neonatal mucocutaneous blistering, which often results in early postnatal demise. To date, first-trimester DNA-based prenatal diagnosis is not applicable to affected kindred carrying as yet unidentified genetic mutations. Here, we show that first-trimester chorionic villi strongly express both integrin alpha6beta4 and plectin, which persist throughout the pregnancy. Based on this observation, we implemented 25 prenatal diagnoses in kindred at risk for PA-EB by immunomapping, which identified three PA-JEB-affected fetuses and 22 healthy ones. In 19 cases, including the three PA-JEB pregnancies that were prematurely terminated, the results were confirmed by chorionic villous DNA-based tests, which also led to the identification of seven previously unreported mutations in the alpha6beta4 integrin genes. Our prediction was further sustained by the birth of 22 healthy babies. These results validate chorionic villi immunofluorescence examination as a tool for prenatal diagnosis of PA-JEB and PA-EBS and indicate that this procedure could be devised for EB with muscular dystrophy, which is also associated with genetic mutations in plectin.
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PMID:Immunofluorescence analysis of villous trophoblasts: a tool for prenatal diagnosis of inherited epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia. 1856 82

Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker protein that has a dumbbell-like structure with a long central rod and N- and C-terminal globular domains. Mutations in the gene encoding plectin (PLEC1) cause two distinct autosomal recessive subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa (EB): EB simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), and EB simplex with pyloric atresia (EBS-PA). Here, we demonstrate that normal human fibroblasts express two different plectin isoforms including full-length and rodless forms of plectin. We performed detailed analysis of plectin expression patterns in six EBS-MD and three EBS-PA patients. In EBS-PA, expression of all plectin domains was found to be markedly attenuated or completely lost; in EBS-MD, the expression of the N- and C-terminal domains of plectin remained detectable, although the expression of rod domains was absent or markedly reduced. Our data suggest that loss of the full-length plectin isoform with residual expression of the rodless plectin isoform leads to EBS-MD, and that complete loss or marked attenuation of full-length and rodless plectin expression underlies the more severe EBS-PA phenotype. These results also clearly account for the majority of EBS-MD PLEC1 mutation restriction within the large exon 31 that encodes the plectin rod domain, whereas EBS-PA PLEC1 mutations are generally outside exon 31.
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PMID:Plectin expression patterns determine two distinct subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. 2005 59

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD; OMIM 226670) is an autosomal recessive form of EBS, characterized by skin blistering at birth and delayed onset of muscle dystrophy. Mutations in PLEC, the gene encoding plectin, have been identified to be causal for EBS-MD. We report a case of EBS-MD with diffuse alopecia. Genetic study revealed the patient carrying compound heterozygous mutations in PLEC despite the consanguineous parentage.
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PMID:Compound heterozygous PLEC mutations in a patient of consanguineous parentage with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy and diffuse alopecia. 2520 31