Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026827 (hypotonia)
 5,860 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new case of 9p- syndrome is presented in a 18 months old girl with typical clinical features of the syndrome: marked delay in psychomotor development, muscle hypotonia, trigonocephaly, up-slanting palpebral fissures, short nose with anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, low-set and hypoplastic auricles and others. Using G- and R- banding, the break point was found on the typical place of the chromosome 9-p22 band. The presented case confirms the earlier finding that clinical recognition of the syndrome is of great importance, since small deletions of the short arm of chromosome 9 can be easily overlooked.
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PMID:An additional case of 9p syndrome. 668 Mar 18

We report on 2 girls with mosaic tetrasomy 8p. Patient 1 showed the extra iso 8p chromosome in 20% of cultured lymphocytes and 18% of cultured fibroblasts [46,XX/47,XX,+i(8p)]. She presented with growth retardation, mild facial alterations, and motor developmental delay. Patient 2 presented with developmental delay, hypotonia, and slight facial alterations; she had the extra iso 8p chromosome in 94% of cultured peripheral lymphocytes. The patients are compared to the 6 previously reported cases. In our experience, the presently reported patients clinically resemble children with inv dup(8)(p21-p22) and patients with mosaic trisomy 8.
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PMID:Mosaic tetrasomy 8p in two patients: clinical data and review of the literature. 751 21

A 1-year-old male infant was found to have a de novo unbalanced translocation, resulting in trisomy for a portion of the short arm of chromosome 3, i.e. 46,XY,der(7)t(3;7) (p24.1;p22). Previous cases with a so-called "trisomy 3p syndrome" were evaluated by GTG banding, while we attempted to characterize the present case by the FISH-technique. The major clinical features included: dysmorphic ears, decreased muscle tone and seizure episodes associated with fever, which are concordant with "trisomy 3p syndrome". The most common malformations of trisomy 3p syndrome are: psychomotor and mental retardation, short neck, hypertelorism/telecanthus and congenital heart defects. Predominantly, the 3p trisomies have been maternally derived and the major mechanism of inheritance is due to a malsegregation of the chromosomes that are involved in a parental balanced translocation. A review of 44 cases from 35 studies revealed that the clinical manifestations have been quite varied, depending upon the amount of 3p2 material in the trisomic state, but interestingly a recognizable pattern of features was obvious in those cases whose cytogenetic findings and clinical histories were known.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of trisomic segment 3p24.1-->3pter: a case with review of the literature. 758 45

Ten patients with inverted duplication of 8p (inv dup 8p) were studied with cytogenetic, biochemical and molecular techniques. The duplication for the region 8p12-p22 was always associated with a deletion of the locus D8S7 (mapped in 8p23.1) as demonstrated with the probe pSW50 by both in situ hybridization and Southern blot. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by probes pSW50 (1 case) and by pG2LPL35 (locus LPL) (two cases) were informative as to a maternal origin of the anomaly. The activity of glutathione reductase, whose gene maps in the duplicated region at 8p21.1, was increased in all patients. The recognizable phenotype of inv dup 8p includes neonatal hypotonia, prominent forehead, large mouth with everted lower lip, abnormally shaped large ears, brain malformations and severe mental retardation. Our findings indicate that the chromosome rearrangement is homogeneous at least for the presence of the deletion and support the hypothesis of a common mechanism of origin.
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PMID:D8S7 is consistently deleted in inverted duplications of the short arm of chromosome 8 (inv dup 8p). 790 Nov 42

We report on clinical and cytogenetic data on 5 children and 2 adults with a de novo inverted duplication of the short arm of chromosome 8, and we give a review of 26 patients from the literature. The clinical picture in young children is characterized by minor facial anomalies, hypotonia, and severe developmental delay. In older patients the facial traits are less characteristic, spastic paraplegia develops, and severe orthopedic problems are frequent. Psychomotor retardation is always severe-to-profound. Duplication of 8p21-p22 results in a clinically recognizable multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. It is shown that in all patients examined, the duplication was accompanied by a deletion of the most terminal part of 8p.
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PMID:Inversion duplication of the short arm of chromosome 8: clinical data on seven patients and review of the literature. 859 64

We describe the clinical phenotype in four males from three families with duplication (X)(qter-->q27::p22.3-->qter). This is an unusual duplication of the distal long arm segment, Xq27-qter, onto the distal short arm of the X chromosome at Xp22.3, as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis with multiple X-specific probes. The patients are young male offspring of three unrelated, phenotypically normal carrier women. The affected males have similar clinical manifestations including severe growth retardation and developmental delay, severe axial hypotonia, and minor anomalies. Such clinical similarity in three unrelated families demonstrates that this chromosome abnormality results in a new and distinct clinical phenotype. Replication studies, performed on two of the mothers, provided evidence that inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome permitted the structural abnormality to persist in these families for a generation or more in females without phenotypic expression.
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PMID:Inherited duplication Xq27-qter at Xp22.3 in severely affected males: molecular cytogenetic evaluation and clinical description in three unrelated families. 985 67

An infant girl was referred for a genetic consultation because of facial appearance suggestive of Wolf-Hirschorn syndrome (WHS), growth retardation and generalized hypotonia. She had an unbalanced karyotype 46,XX,der(4)t(4;9)(p15.2;p22)mat resulting in the deletion of the critical region for WHS and duplication of the critical region for the 9p duplication syndrome. The mother and the grandmother of proposita were the carriers of an apparently balanced translocation 46,XX,t(4;9)(p15.2;p22). The infant's phenotype was characteristic of WHS syndrome rather than that of duplication 9p phenotype. This is probably the first description of WHS phenotype resulting from a familial 4;9 translocation.
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PMID:Wolf-Hirschorn syndrome resulting from partial monosomy 4p/trisomy 9p. 1094 54

We report on a familial t(4;7)(q28;p22) with 2:2 adjacent-1 unbalanced segregation producing duplication of 4q28-->qter in multiple offspring. Within the large four-generation pedigree, a carrier had a reproductive outcome that was approximately equal for 1) the balanced translocation, 2) normal chromosomes, and 3) viable 4q trisomy or pregnancy loss. The three individuals with chromosomal confirmation of trisomy 4q28-->qter (comprising approximately 1.8% of the haploid autosomal length) had similar mental and developmental retardation, hypotonia, restricted speech, seizures, and facial anomalies but no cardiac, renal, or skeletal anomalies. It is suggested that these latter severe malformations, associated with the classic 4q2 to 3 group of anomalies, were from an imbalance outside 4q28-->qter and were not necessarily related to the relatively large size of the trisomic segment. Multiple different chromosomes are reported to be rearranged with 4q in the production of distal 4q trisomy. The incidence of 4q rearrangement remains unexplained, but once it is present in a family, viability of a large trisomy in 4q seems to explain the number of affected individuals reported.
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PMID:High risk for unbalanced segregation of some reciprocal translocations: a large pedigree containing distal 4q trisomy from t(4;7)(q28;p22). 1174 10

In this paper we present the case of a girl at the age of 32 months with dysmorphic features, including general muscular hypotonia, developmental delay and mental retardation. The cytogenetic analysis revealed de novo partial duplication of Xp: 46,X,dup(X)(p11.23-->p22.33: :p11.23-->p22.33). To characterize the duplication, X painting, Kallman (KAL), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) covering Xp11.23-->Xp22.33 region were used. Selective inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome using HpaII digestion of the AR gene was evident. After BrdU incorporation the abnormal X was late-replicating in all lymphocytes examined. There was one peculiar exception observed: the break-point region was consistently early replicating. The replicating pattern of this region corresponded to the active X chromosome. Methylation pattern of late replicating X chromosome was studied also using antibodies against 5-methylcytosine. The pattern corresponded to the normally inactive X chromosome, with the exception of the previously observed break-point region which revealed an early replicating pattern with strong fluorescent signal, similar to the pattern of the active X chromosome. The observed phenomenon could lead to the abnormal phenotype of the patient, with some normally inactive genes of the break-point region escaping the inactivation process. The abnormal clinical findings could also be due to tissue-dependent differences in the inactivation pattern.
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PMID:Partial Xp duplication in a girl with dysmorphic features: the change in replication pattern of late-replicating dupX chromosome. 1190 57

We report on a case of a 9-month-old female infant with a direct duplication of the 7p13-p22.1 chromosome region diagnosed by combining conventional cytogenetic, FISH, and multicolor banding (MCB) studies. Traditional G-banding detected a partial 7p duplication, which was further demonstrated to be entirely of chromosome 7 origin by using a whole chromosome paint for chromosome 7, and derived from 7p13-p22.1 by MCB. The infant presented with characteristic dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, and generalized hypotonia. The phenotypic manifestations of partial 7p trisomy with or without other chromosome involvement are briefly reviewed. Our observations in combination with other cases confirm that 7p trisomy due to dir dup(7p) can be regarded as a defined chromosome syndrome.
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PMID:A report of pure 7p duplication syndrome and review of the literature. 1710 60


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