Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026827 (hypotonia)
 5,860 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our experience with a cheap contrast medium, which we prepare ourselves, is described, stretching over a period of 18 months. It is based on the bubbly barium first described by Op den Orth and is made by means of carbon dioxide in a soda water syphon. It is better for detailed contrast examination of the stomach than the commercially available contrast media. It is thought that this is due to optimal viscosity for wetting of the mucosa, optimal size of the barium sulphate particles, which are larger than one micron, and greater distension of the stomach due to greater quantities of CO2. The use of bubbly barium for routine examination of the stomach, using double contrast and hypotonia with graded compression, almost always results in demonstration of the areae gastricae in large parts of the stomach. We regard this as a sign of a good examination, since we are then able to demonstrate small lesions such as complete or incomplete erosions, ulcer scars or flat ulcers.
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PMID:[Improved radiological diagnosis in the stomach by means of an improved contrast material (author's transl)]. 15 49

The binding of vital anionic phthalocyanine dye Heliogen blue K (HBK) by crab axons has been studied cytophotometrically. HBK koes not penetrate the cell but stains membranes selectively. The removal of Ca-ions from the surrounding artificial sea water (a.s.w.) leads to an obvious desorption of an ion-bound fraction of HBK from the fibre, provided the removal of Ca-ions from a.s.w. is combinded with slight hypotonia or with addition of EDTA. The hypotonia, which has no effect on sorption, causes swelling of fibres facilitating the removal of Ca-ions from membrane, i.e. the effect similar to that of EDTA. In the Ca-ions devoid hypotonic solution, the decrease of sorbed dye makes up 1.4% per minute of the initial concentration, and in the hypotonic solution with EDTA - this decrease reaches 0.95%. It is suggested that the withdrawal of Ca-ions from the membrane results in conformational changes of the membrane protein component. These changes are expressed as redistribution of changes, detected with the aid of the HBK anion.
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PMID:[Effect of calcium ions on sorption of phthalocyanin dye by membranes of individual nerve fibers]. 82 34

A 7.5-month-old infant with failure to thrive, developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, a visible goitre and severe osteopenia is described. Laboratory examination revealed a markedly increased serum TSH with low free T4, severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. The infant was breastfed until the age of 2.5 months and was then given a mixture of almond extract in water. The mother is a strict vegan and the father a lactovegetarian. The nutritional intake of the child was severely depleted in calories (-46%), calcium (-73%) and iodine (-88%). The restrictive alternative nutrition was responsible for the various deficiency disorders.
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PMID:Risks of alternative nutrition in infancy: a case report of severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. 142 5

Multiple factors contribute to the production of esophagitis in gastroesophageal reflux (GER), but the respective roles of esophageal (i. e. lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, peristalsis) and gastric factors (i. e. acid secretion and gastric emptying) are not well known. The aim of this work was to study the frequency and the severity of esophageal and gastric abnormalities observed in the same patients and to correlate these findings with the degree of esophagitis. Thirty-three consecutive patients with GER proven by esophageal pH recording (3-hr postprandial pH-test) were classified according to the presence (group A, n = 18) or absence (group B, n = 15) of severe esophagitis (i. e. erosions, ulcerations, or stenosis) at endoscopy. LES basal tone and esophageal peristalsis were studied by manometry. Gastric acid secretion and emptying of liquids were measured by intragastric titration coupled with the dye dilution technique. Results obtained in GER patients were compared with those found in twenty-three normal subjects. Hypotonia of LES (i. e. LES tone less than 7 cm H2O) was more frequent in group A (72 p. 100) than in group B patients (30 p. 100, p less than 0.05). Magnitude of esophageal peristaltic waves was lower in group A than in group B (p less than 0.10). When compared to values found in normal subjects, gastric emptying and acid secretion were not significantly different both in presence and in absence of esophagitis. There was no linear correlation between esophageal pH parameters and acid secretion values or gastric emptying rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Reflux esophagitis: respective roles of esophageal and gastric pathogenic factors]. 379 41

Between 1977 and 1979, 12 cases of infant botulism were diagnosed in Utah, and 87 control patients (normal, nonbotulism neurologic disease, and nonbotulism systemic disease) were evaluated. Observations from these patients suggest an expanded clinical spectrum of infant botulism including asymptomatic carriers of organism; mild hypotonia and failure to thrive; typical cases with constipation, bulbar weakness, and hypotonia; and children with a picture compatible with sudden infant death syndrome. Clostridium botulinum was isolated from the stools of three normal control infants and nine control infants who had neurologic diseases that were clearly not infant botulism. These infants were termed "asymptomatic carriers" of the organism. The occurrence of the asymptomatic carrier state suggests that a diagnosis of infant botulism cannot be made on a basis of culture results alone, but must rest in historical documentation and physical confirmation of progressive bulbar and extremity weakness with ultimate complete resolution of symptoms and findings over a period of several months. A common set of environmental features characterizes the home environment of children with infant botulism and "asymptomatic carriers" and includes: nearby constructional or agricultural soil disruption, dusty and windy conditions, a high water table, and alkaline soil conditions.
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PMID:Infant botulism: clinical spectrum and epidemiology. 700 56

The activity of the rat hindlimb during treadmill stepping was studied in normal adult rats and in rats in which cerebellar development was interfered with by early-postnatal focal X-irradiation. Based on cinematographic and electromyographic data from over 100 step cycles in 15 normal rats, correlations were made between joint angles and muscle activity to obtain a detailed picture of the locomotor pattern of the rat hindlimb. It was possible to relate most of the features of limb movement to activity in one or more of six primary flexors and extensors of the hindlimb. Compared with available data in the cat or dog, the joint angle curves were similar in shape except that the knee joint angle was usually greater at foot contact than at lift-off, while in cats and dogs the reverse is usually the case. This difference is due to a more crouched stepping posture in the rat in which the leg is not extended as far backward as in the cat or dog. It was also noticed that there was more side-to-side bowing of the spine in the rat during stepping. Finally, in rats there was no correlate to the stance phase burst seen in the semitendinosus in cats. In rats with cerebellar X-irradiation there was little effect on the stepping cycle if the animal's equilibrium was maintained externally, either by a supporting harness or by immersion in water (swimming). However, when stepping without external support, animals were unable to adequately compensate for perturbations in equilibrium, resulting in an ataxic gait. This problem was compound by the presence of high-frequency (18 Hz) tremor which, by producing hyper- or hypotonia during critical periods of stepping such as foot placement or during corrective reflex movements, was a major disturbing force to the animal's equilibrium.
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PMID:Effects of arrested cerebellar development on locomotion in the rat. Cinematographic and electromyographic analysis. 743 80

Urodynamic investigation was performed in 12 men, 3 to 8 months after cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer and bladder substitution, using a detubularized ileal segment as described by Studer-Zingg. All patients underwent a standard urodynamic evaluation and extramural ambulatory urodynamic monitoring (e.a.m.). Ten patients were continent by day and 3 were incontinent during the night to a degree that necessitated use of a condom catheter. Three patients awakened every 3 hours to void and 6 had to void 1-2 times nightly. The residual urine was over 100 ml in 3 patients; it was low or absent in the remainder. Micturition was achieved by straining, with a maximum flow rate of 13 ml per second or greater, except in 2 patients. In 2 patients a urethral narrowing was found at the urethro-ileal anastomosis, and in 1 of them an incoordination between the neobladder and the pelvic floor required the use of a urethral catheter and a subsequent protocol of pelvic floor rehabilitation. The incidence of nocturnal incontinence was 56.6%. In 2 patients urethral pressure profile revealed hypotonia, with a maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) < 45 cm H2O. During e.a.m. study pressure values in the neobladder usually ranged below 15 cm H2O and exceeded 35 cm H2O in only 1 patient who complained of daytime and nocturnal incontinence. Neobladder compliance was normal in all cases. In order to achieve a complete rehabilitation after operation, the patient should be instructed to follow a careful training in order to prevent overdistention of the neobladder by voiding at regular intervals and to obtain continence.
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PMID:Orthotopic ileal bladder substitute after radical cystectomy: urodynamic features. 792 Jun 82

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is caused by an incapacity of plasmatic hypotonia to inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. This phenomenon leads to a water retention and an expanded extracellular fluid volume, and secondary to a dilution of plasmatic sodium and also to a renal loss of sodium. The SIADH is a relatively rare syndrome, which may occur in various circumstances: central nervous system diseases, cancers, infections... Sometimes, it may be observed as a drug-related side effect: carbamazepine, chlorpropamide, antidepressors, anticancer drugs are particularly involved.
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PMID:[Drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Review of literature]. 841 Jun 27

The structural properties of the upper airway determine its collapsibility during periods of muscle hypotonia. Both rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and increases in nasal pressure (PN) produce hypotonia, which persists even after nasal pressure is abruptly reduced. To determine the factors that influence the collapsibility of the hypotonic airway, the critical pressure (Pcrit) and nasal resistance upstream to the site of pharyngeal collapse (RN) were measured in the first three breaths after abrupt reductions in PN during non-REM and REM sleep. PN was reduced abruptly from 15.2+/-3.2 cm H2O (mean +/- SD) for three breaths in 19 apneic patients. Upper-airway pressure-flow relationships were analyzed to determine Pcrit for each breath in non-REM and REM sleep. We found that Pcrit rose (collapsibility increased, p < 0.001) and RN fell (p = 0.02) between the first and third breath after the decrease in PN, whereas no difference in Pcrit was detected between sleep stages. In six patients, genioglossus-muscle electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded. Peak phasic activity rose between the first and third breath (p = 0.03), but tonic and peak phasic EMG activity fell in REM as compared with non-REM sleep (p < 0.001). We conclude that the hypotonic upper airway becomes most collapsible by the third breath after an abrupt decrease in PN, regardless of sleep stage and despite an increase in genioglossus-muscle activity. Our findings suggest that predominantly mechanical rather than neuromuscular factors modulate the properties of the pharynx after abrupt reductions in nasal pressure.
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PMID:The hypotonic upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea: role of structures and neuromuscular activity. 956 18

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by psychomotor and growth retardation, infantile hypotonia, characteristic facies, small hands and feet, dental abnormalities, and early onset of childhood hyperphagia with consequent obesity. PWS is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 15. Approximately 75% of patients have a deletion of 15q11q13 on the paternal homologue, whereas 20-25% have inherited both chromosome 15s from the mother and none from the father, a condition known as maternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Thus, it is a lack of paternal alleles in the 15q11q13 region that results in PWS. Thick, sticky saliva is a consistent finding in patients with PWS. We have characterized salivary flow and composition in individuals with PWS. Salivary flow in patients with PWS is approximately 20% of that in controls. In addition, the salivary ions and proteins are present in increased amounts, possibly reflecting a concentration effect relative to decreased water in the saliva. Both deletion and uniparental disomy patients exhibit these findings, suggesting that the gene(s) involved are subject to imprinting.
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PMID:Salivary abnormalities in Prader-Willi syndrome. 959 2


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