Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026827 (hypotonia)
 5,860 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood flow disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to serious illness. They can be acute or chronic, their cause may be arterial or venous occlusion or hypotonia. Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract caused by ischemia depend on localisation, acuteness and degree of the blood flow disturbance. They may reach from focal and segmental ischemic lesions to extensive necroses of the entire intestinal tubes. The most serious ischemic disease is the embolic and thrombotic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior due to previous arterosclerotic damage. Infarction of a large part of the intestines and peritonitis can be the consequence. These patients' only chance of survival is early diagnosis--as a rule exclusively via angiography--and immediate surgery. Chronic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior leads to angina abdominalis which mainly occurs after food intake and can last for hours. The reason may also be a general arteriosclerosis. Men are affected more frequently and at a younger age than women. As a consequence of lowered intestinal blood flow these patients suffer from malabsorption and heavy weight loss. Conservative therapy is not effective. These patients, too, will have to be treated surgically after previous angiography. Vascular disease with decreased blood flow as its consequence can be found in a number of inflammatory diseases, in malign hypertensian, in collagen disease and in other more rare diseases as pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome. In the case of ischemic colitis arterial and more rarely venous occlusions cause decreased blood flow in the big bowel. A frequent consequence is colitis in the left colon which is characterized by acuteness, pain in the left side of the abdomen and by heavy rectal bleeding. Diagnosis is established by means of endoscopy, barium enema and angiography. Primarily therapy of ischemic colitis is of the conservative type. In severe cases with gangrene and peritonitis the colon has to be resected.
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PMID:[Disorders of the blood circulation in the gastrointestinal tract]. 32 26

This report describes a toddler with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, and hypotonia due to surreptitious administration of syrup of ipecac by his mother (Munchausen's syndrome by proxy). Several features of this case distinguish it from previous reports of chronic ipecac ingestion in childhood: the development of grossly bloody stools; radiologic, endoscopic, and biopsy evidence of a chronic moderate colitis resembling ulcerative colitis; and the histologic finding of pseudomelanosis coli, providing an important clue to toxic ingestion. The significance and possible mechanism for genesis of pseudomelanosis coli is discussed. This case emphasizes the variability in presentation and difficulty in diagnosing long-term ipecac ingestion by proxy. Ipecac toxicity should be considered in children with unexplained colitis and vomiting.
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PMID:Hemorrhagic colitis and pseudomelanosis coli in ipecac ingestion by proxy. 167 9

The incidence of faecal stasis and of diverticular disease has been studied in a group of 399 patients with ulcerative colitis. Sixty-one patients had faecal stasis and 23 patients had diverticular disease. Pathological studies demonstrated an increase in the thickness of the inner spiral muscle in colitis patients with faecal stasis. The thickening was not as great as that seen in diverticular disease. Preliminary studies on the motility patterns in patients with faecal stasis show a higher mean activity in the pelvic colon than in normals but not as great as that seen in diverticular disease. Pressure studies in patients with faecal stasis have shown hypotonia in the proximal colon associated with dilatation.The possible significance of these results is discussed. It is suggested that ulcerative colitis may initiate a motility disturbance which leads to muscle thickening similar to that in diverticular disease. Diverticula associated with ulcerative colitis are usually not involved in the mucosal inflammatory process.
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PMID:Faecal stasis and diverticular disease in ulcerative colitis. 547 Oct 35

The long term development of periodic syndromes among children is little known. Our research has revealed that about one third of periodic headaches, two thirds of cyclic vomiting and half the cases of recurring abdominal pain disappear either before puberty or during adolescence. Other Authors have shown that this also happens in most cases of early-onset vertigo. The remaining headache cases develop into migraines in adults. When there is persistent cyclic vomiting, the collateral neurologic phenomena (headaches, vertigo, pallor, hypotonia, drowsiness) become more intense. This also happens in some cases of abdominal pain and paroxysmal vertigo which start in late childhood. Other sufferers from acute abdominal pain develop ulcers, gastroduodenitis and colitis as adults. Altogether, some infantile periodic syndromes (in particular the multi-symptomatic ones) have a common outcome, i.e. develop into more or less typical migraine syndromes. In these cases one can presume a common pathogenetic mechanism. In those cases where the outcome is favorable the pathogenesis may be different. These cases may often be spotted in early childhood on account of the monosymptomatic nature of the complaint or the absence of collateral neurologic symptoms as well as of the infrequency of critical episodes.
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PMID:[Childhood periodic syndromes and their long-term development]. 692 13

A 13-year-old girl with Prader-Willi syndrome was admitted to our hospital with an 18-month history of anal bleeding and mucus discharge on defecation. Physical examination revealed obesity, hypogonadism, hypotonia and hypomentia. On digital examination, a nodular mass was palpated on the right wall of the ampulla recti, which was suspected to be carcinoma on a barium enema study. Proctoscopic examination revealed a large, irregular ulceration with white slough at the base, surrounded by the nodular and lumpy mucosa. The lesion was excised by the abdomino-anal pull-through method. The resected specimen showed a lesion of large, shallow, irregular ulcer, 5.0 x 2.2 cm in size. Microscopic examination revealed obliterated lamina propria by fibroblasts and muscle fibers derived from the muscularis mucosae, and misplaced cystic dilated glands in the submucosa at the margin of the ulcer. The gross and microscopic appearances are identical to those of "solitary ulcer of the rectum" described by Madigan and others, and similar to those of "colitis cystica profunda" described by Goodall and others. According to these findings, this lesion was diagnosed as solitary ulcer of the rectum. In the present report, the relationship between solitary ulcer of the rectum and colitis cystica profunda was discussed.
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PMID:Solitary ulcer of the rectum: report of a case and review of the literature. 702 2

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mediates neurogenic inflammation and modulates intestinal motility. The CGRP receptor is a heterodimer of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor-associated modifying protein 1. We used RNA interference to elucidate the specific role of CLR in colonic motility and inflammation. Intramural injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) against CLR (dsCLR) into the colonic wall at two sites caused the spatial and temporal downregulation of CLR in the colon within 1 day of dsRNA injection. Knockdown of CLR persisted for 7-9 days, and the effect of knockdown spread to approximately 2 cm proximal and distal to the injection sites, whereas control dsRNA injection did not affect CLR expression. Measurement of isometric contractions of isolated colonic muscle segments revealed that in control dsRNA-injected rats, CGRP abrogated contractions entirely and decreased resting muscular tone, whereas in dsCLR-injected rats, CGRP decreased muscle tone but slow-wave contractions of varying amplitude persisted. In trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, rats with knockdown of CLR displayed a significantly greater degree of edema and necrosis than saline- or control dsRNA-injected rats. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 were markedly upregulated by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment. TNF-alpha mRNA levels were further increased in CLR knockdown rats, whereas levels of IL-6 were unaltered. Thus this study demonstrates that CLR is a functional receptor for CGRP.
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PMID:Role of calcitonin receptor-like receptor in colonic motility and inflammation. 1736 66