Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Accumulating evidences suggest that many molecules are working as inhibitors of proliferation in myeloma cells e.g., PTEN, mTOR(PI3-kinase signal molecules), p53, RB1, INK4 family and KIP/CIP family (cell cycle check point molecules), PF4 (inhibitor of angiogenesis). In this review, significance of these molecules in myeloma is summarized. Additionally, our finding of growth inhibitory effect by PU.1 is explained.
 ...
PMID:[Molecular mechanisms inhibiting proliferation of myeloma cells]. 1806 60

Within the last decade, several novel classes of anti-myeloma therapeutics have become available. The clinical successes achieved by thalidomide, lenalidomide, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and in particular the ability of these agents to lead to major clinical responses in patients resistant to conventional or high-dose chemotherapy, have highlighted the importance of expanding further the spectrum of classes of agents utilized for the treatment of myeloma. Herein, we review the current status for the development of novel anti-myeloma agents, with emphasis on classes of therapeutics which have already translated into clinical trials or those in advanced stages of preclinical development. These include second-generation proteasome inhibitors (NPI-0052 and PR-171), heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) inhibitors, 2-methoxyestradiol, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (e.g. SAHA and LBH589), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGF-R3) inhibitors, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and agents specifically targeting the tumor microenvironment, such as defibrotide.
 ...
PMID:From the bench to the bedside: emerging new treatments in multiple myeloma. 1807 Jul 20

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the accumulation and dissemination of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Cell migration is thought to be important for these events. We studied migration in a Transwell two-chamber assay and tested the motogenic effect of various cytokines. In addition to insulin-like growth factor-1 and stromal cell-derived growth factor-1alpha, previously known as chemoattractants for myeloma cells, we identified hepatocyte growth factor as a potent attractant for myeloma cells. Hepatocyte growth factor-mediated migration was dependent on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, involved the MAPK/Erk signaling cascade and VLA-4 integrins, but did not involve Akt, mTOR or G proteins.
 ...
PMID:Hepatocyte growth factor promotes migration of human myeloma cells. 1832 26

Abstract Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in the regulation of basic cellular functions, including cellular growth and proliferation. In this study we describe the generation and characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies directed against mTOR protein kinase. A GST-tagged fragment of mTOR expressed in bacteria was used as an antigen. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were obtained by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes from immunized mice. Anti-mTOR antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines were first identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then subcloned by limiting dilution. Antibodies produced by selected clones were further tested for their reactivity towards the GST/mTOR 1334-1504 recombinant protein. Furthermore, antibody produced by F11 clone was shown to recognize specifically mTOR in different tissues and cell lines in Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, mTOR F11 antibody was suitable for immunoprecipitating and testing mTOR activity in in vitro kinase assay. In summary, generated antibodies will be useful for investigating mTOR signaling complexes in normal and pathological states.
 ...
PMID:Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to mTOR kinase. 1880 7

Myeloma cell interface with microenvironmental components is critical to cell growth and survival and perceived as a major obstacle for effective disease treatment. Hence, molecules that facilitate cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions are particularly important. We have previously shown that re-expression of membranal microdomain organizers, tetraspanins CD81 and CD82, caused myeloma cell death. Herein we demonstrate that the anti-myeloma effect of CD81/CD82 involves a down-regulation of Akt, activation of FoxO transcription factors and a decrease in active mTOR and mTOR/rictor. We go on to show in a breast cancer cell line model that Akt dependent cells are more sensitive to the tetraspanin overexpression. Moreover, expression of a constitutively active Akt increased survival of CD81/CD82 transfected myeloma cell lines. Akt and mTOR afford attractive therapeutic targets in cancer yet, due to pathways' interactions, inhibitors of mTOR frequently activate Akt and vise versa. Our results demonstrate co-repression of both by CD81/CD82 implying that tetraspanins may serve as "switches" modulating pathways rather than blocking a single factor and constitute a promising therapeutic strategy in Akt dependent pathological conditions. The possibility that the tetraspanins affect metabolic control is broached as well.
 ...
PMID:Tetraspanins affect myeloma cell fate via Akt signaling and FoxO activation. 1880 64

Historically, most drugs developed for treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloma had already been studied in the solid tumor setting. Nearly 10 years ago, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) forever changed this paradigm. Imatinib showed that it was possible to nullify the pathognomic genetic lesion in a hematologic malignancy. Since the approval of imatinib for CML, a host of new drugs active in blood cancers have emerged. This article highlights some areas of innovative drug development in lymphoma where possible; it emphasizes the biologic basis for the approach, linking this essential biology to the biochemical pharmacology. The article focuses on the many new targets including Syk, Bcl-2, CD-40, and the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.
 ...
PMID:New drugs for the treatment of lymphoma. 1895 49

NVP-BEZ235 is a new inhibitor of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3 kinase) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) whose efficacy in advanced solid tumours is currently being evaluated in a phase I/II clinical trial. Here we show that NVP-BEZ235 inhibits growth in common myeloma cell lines as well as primary myeloma cells at nanomolar concentrations in a time and dose dependent fashion. Further experiments revealed induction of apoptosis in three of four cell lines. Inhibition of cell growth was mainly due to inhibition of myeloma cell proliferation, as shown by the BrdU assay. Cell cycle analysis revealed induction of cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which was due to downregulation of cyclin D1, pRb and cdc25a. NVP-BEZ235 inhibited phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), P70S6k and 4E-BP-1. Furthermore we show that the stimulatory effect of CD40-ligand (CD40L), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and conditioned medium of HS-5 stromal cells on myeloma cell growth is completely abrogated by NVP-BEZ235. In addition, synergism studies revealed synergistic and additive activity of NVP-BEZ235 together with melphalan, doxorubicin and bortezomib. Taken together, inhibition of PI3 kinase/mTOR by NVP-BEZ235 is highly effective and NVP-BEZ235 represents a potential new candidate for targeted therapy in multiple myeloma.
 ...
PMID:The novel orally bioavailable inhibitor of phosphoinositol-3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin, NVP-BEZ235, inhibits growth and proliferation in multiple myeloma. 1907 Nov 9

Prior work indicates that c-myc translation is up-regulated in multiple myeloma cells. To test a role for interleukin (IL)-6 in myc translation, we studied the IL-6-responsive ANBL-6 and IL-6-autocrine U266 cell lines as well as primary patient samples. IL-6 increased c-myc translation, which was resistant to rapamycin, indicating a mechanism independent of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and cap-dependent translation. In contrast, the cytokine enhanced cap-independent translation via a stimulatory effect on the myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES). As known IRES-trans-activating factors (ITAF) were unaffected by IL-6, we used a yeast-three-hybrid screen to identify novel ITAFs and identified hnRNP A1 (A1) as a mediator of the IL-6 effect. A1 specifically interacted with the myc IRES in filter binding assays as well as EMSAs. Treatment of myeloma cells with IL-6 induced serine phosphorylation of A1 and increased its binding to the myc IRES in vivo in myeloma cells. Primary patient samples also showed binding between A1 and the IRES. RNA interference to knock down hnRNP A1 prevented an IL-6 increase in myc protein expression, myc IRES activity, and cell growth. These data point to hnRNP A1 as a critical regulator of c-myc translation and a potential therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
 ...
PMID:IL-6-induced stimulation of c-myc translation in multiple myeloma cells is mediated by myc internal ribosome entry site function and the RNA-binding protein, hnRNP A1. 1907 89

We have shown that heightened AKT activity sensitized multiple myeloma cells to the antitumor effects of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor CCI-779. To test the mechanism of the AKT regulatory role, we stably transfected U266 multiple myeloma cell lines with an activated AKT allele or empty vector. The AKT-transfected cells were more sensitive to cytostasis induced in vitro by rapamycin or in vivo by its analogue, CCI-779, whereas cells with quiescent AKT were resistant. The ability of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors to down-regulate D-cyclin expression was significantly greater in AKT-transfected multiple myeloma cells due, in part, to the ability of AKT to curtail cap-independent translation and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity of D-cyclin transcripts. Similar AKT-dependent regulation of rapamycin responsiveness was shown in a second myeloma model: the PTEN-null OPM-2 cell line transfected with wild-type PTEN. Because extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 activity facilitates IRES-mediated translation of some transcripts, we investigated ERK/p38 as regulators of AKT-dependent effects on rapamycin sensitivity. AKT-transfected U266 cells showed significantly decreased ERK and p38 activity. However, only an ERK inhibitor prevented D-cyclin IRES activity in resistant "low-AKT" myeloma cells. Furthermore, the ERK inhibitor successfully sensitized myeloma cells to rapamycin in terms of down-regulated D-cyclin protein expression and G1 arrest. However, ectopic overexpression of an activated MEK gene did not increase cap-independent translation of D-cyclin in "high-AKT" myeloma cells, indicating that mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase/ERK activity was required, but not sufficient, for activation of the IRES. These data support a scenario where heightened AKT activity down-regulates D-cyclin IRES function in multiple myeloma cells and ERK facilitates activity.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of D-cyclin translation inhibition in myeloma cells treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors: rationale for combined treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors and rapamycin. 1913 16

Multiple myeloma is still incurable. Myeloma cells become resistant to common drugs and patients eventually die of tumour progression. Therefore, new targets and drugs are needed immediately. NVP-AEW541 is a new, orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Here, we show that NVP-AEW541 inhibits cell growth in myeloma cells at low concentrations in a time-dependent and a dose-dependent manner. Further experiments using the annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay revealed induction of apoptosis in common myeloma cell lines, but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cell from healthy donors. Stimulation of myeloma cells with IGF-1 led to a vast increase of cell growth and this was blocked by low doses of NVP-AEW541. Stimulation of myeloma cells with conditioned medium obtained from a 48-h-old HS-5 stromal cell culture was only partly blocked by NVP-AEW541. Western blotting experiments revealed that NVP-AEW541 decreased the phosphorylation status of P70S6 kinase and 4E-BP-1 but not of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Combined inhibition of IGF-1R and mTOR using the novel mTOR inhibitor Rad001 led to additive/synergistic increase of cell growth inhibition in multiple myeloma cells, which was accompanied by a stronger dephosphorylation of P70S6 kinase and 4E-BP-1. Taken together, we show that the combined inhibition of IGF-1R and mTOR by combining NVP-AEW541 and Rad001 is highly effective in multiple myeloma and might represent a potential new treatment strategy.
 ...
PMID:Myeloma cell growth inhibition is augmented by synchronous inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by NVP-AEW541 and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin by Rad001. 1924 Jun 43


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>