UMLS:C0026764 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We determined the DNA sequence of two large regions of chromosome 22: 33.7 kb containing the C lambda complex; and 5.2 kb 5' of the functionally rearranged lambda gene from the human myeloma, U266. Analysis of these sequences reveals the complete structure of the human C lambda complex and a previously undescribed seventh C lambda region that may encode the Ke+Oz- lambda protein. The seven constant regions are organized in a tandem array, and each is preceded by a single J lambda region. lambda 1, lambda 2, lambda 3, and lambda 7 are apparently active genes, while lambda 4, lambda 5, and lambda 6 are pseudogenes. There are no other J lambda or C lambda regions within a 60-kb region surrounding the C lambda complex; however, there are at least four other lambda-like genes and lambda pseudogenes in the human genome. The lambda genes appear to have evolved via a series of gene duplication events resulting from unequal crossing over or gene conversion between the highly conserved C lambda regions on mispaired chromosomes. The lack of Alu sequences in this large segment of DNA suggests that the C lambda complex resulted from a recent amplification of a smaller Alu-free segment of DNA. Illegitimate recombination between repeated sequences containing lambda 2 and lambda 3 may be responsible for variable amplification of the lambda genes. We also found a 1,377-bp open reading frame (ORF) located on the opposite strand in the region containing lambda 7. While this ORF is flanked by potential RNA splicing signals, we have no evidence that it is part of a functional gene. We also discovered a V lambda pseudogene, called psi V lambda 1, 3 kb upstream of the U266 lambda gene. Using primer extension analysis to map the transcription start in the human lambda gene, we have identified its initiation point 41 bp upstream of the initiation codon. Analysis of the lambda promoter reveals that it contains a TATAA box at position -29 relative to the transcription initiation site and an octamer sequence at -67. Computer analysis of 40 kb of DNA sequences surrounding the human lambda locus has revealed no sequences resembling the kappa or IgH transcriptional enhancers, nor have in vitro analyses for function revealed enhancer activity. A comparison of these results with those obtained in separate studies with transgenic mice point to a complex, developmentally linked mechanism of transcriptional activation.
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PMID:Structure and expression of the human immunoglobulin lambda genes. 211 72

Previous studies have shown that human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)-encoding sequences map to two chromosome regions: 2pter-p23 and 7cen-qter. In the present work we have cloned the expressed human ODC gene from a genomic library of myeloma cells that overproduce ODC protein due to selective gene amplification and determined its entire nucleotide sequence. The gene comprises 12 exons and 11 introns and spans about 8 kb of chromosome 2 DNA. The organization of the human gene is very similar to that of the mouse and rat, with the major difference being the presence of longer intronic sequences in the human gene. Some of these differences can be accounted for by the insertion of four Alu sequences in the human gene. Several potential regulatory elements are present in the promoter region and in 5'-proximal introns, including a TATA box; GC boses; AP-1-, AP-2- and NF-1-binding sites; and a cAMP-responsive element. The 5'-untranslated sequence of ODC mRNA is extremely GC-rich, and computer predictions suggest a very stable secondary structure for this region, with an overall free energy of formation of -225.4 kcal/mol. In addition to the active ODC gene on chromosome 2, ODC gene-related sequences were isolated from human chromosome 7-specific libraries and shown to represent a processed ODC pseudogene.
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PMID:Human ornithine decarboxylase-encoding loci: nucleotide sequence of the expressed gene and characterization of a pseudogene. 222 39

The delta heavy (H) chain of mouse immunoglobulin D (IgD) is unusual both in its structure and in its differential expression relative to immunoglobulin M (IgM; reviewed in ref. 1). The region of DNA between IgM and IgD H-chain constant-region genes is probably implicated in this control. So far only fragments of the area have been sequenced. Now, however, we present the complete sequence as well as the sequence of the introns of the C delta gene. We have found several interesting features (Fig. 1), including an open reading frame (ORF) between Cmu and C delta which encodes 146 amino acids that might represent a previously unsuspected domain-like protein; three blocks of simple repetitive sequences; a 162-base pair (bp) unique-sequence inverted repeat; and a domain-like pseudogene in the large intron of C delta. We have not found, however, any sequence 5' of C delta resembling the switch (S) recombination sequences associated with class switching in other heavy chains. Moreover, we have determined the 3' deletion end point of an IgD-producing myeloma and find no sequences reminiscent of switch sites nearby.
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PMID:Unusual sequences in the murine immunoglobulin mu-delta heavy-chain region. 641 47

An active human epsilon chain gene was cloned from a phage library containing partial EcoRI digests of IgE-producing myeloma DNA, using the human JH (joining) gene fragment as a probe. The epsilon chain gene clone was identified by partial nucleotide sequence determination. The germ-line constant region gene of the epsilon chain (C epsilon gene) was cloned from a human fetal liver DNA library, using the cloned epsilon chain gene as a probe. Comparative studies on the human and mouse germ-line epsilon chain genes revealed that the switch (S) sequence is more conserved than the coding sequence. Restriction endonuclease BamHI digestion of human DNA produced three C epsilon fragments of 3.0, 6.5, and 9.2 kilobases, which were named C epsilon 1, C epsilon 2, and C epsilon 3 genes, respectively. We found the three C epsilon gene fragments in all of the human DNA preparations from eleven individuals. The C epsilon gene expressed in the myeloma was identified as the C epsilon 1 gene. Because the C epsilon 2 gene is deleted from the myeloma DNA, the order of the C epsilon genes is likely to be 5'-C epsilon 2-C epsilon 1-C epsilon 3-3', assuming that all the C epsilon genes are on chromosome 14. The germ-line C epsilon 3 gene was also cloned from the myeloma DNA. Characterization of the C epsilon 3 gene revealed that it does not have the S region, suggesting that it might be a pseudogene.
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PMID:Cloning of human immunoglobulin epsilon chain genes: evidence for multiple C epsilon genes. 680 15

The MPC11 mouse myeloma cell line (IgG2b kappa) has yielded numerous variants in Ig heavy-chain production. One such variant, E5.7A14, fails to produce gamma 2b heavy chain but still produces kappa light chain. Comparison of the restriction maps of E5.7A14 and MPC11 has shown that in E5.7A14, the expressed MPC11VH gene has been deleted and replaced by a different DNA segment. Cloning and sequencing of the rearranged heavy-chain gene has identified the new DNA segment as a virtually full-length LINE-1 element that, in germ line, apparently lies in a inverted transcriptional orientation downstream of a previously unknown member (pseudogene) of the VH3609 gene family. The LINE-1 rearrangement was associated with an inversion of a 2-kb segment of the J-C gamma 2b intron and a deletion of switch sequences. The nature of the rearrangements and the sequences at recombination and inversion breakpoints suggest that the rearrangement event was mediated via class switch mechanisms. This is one of a limited number of reports that both characterizes a LINE rearrangement and localizes the germ-line origin of the particular LINE element involved.
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PMID:Rearrangement of a VH-associated LINE-1 element with the expressed IgH cluster in a murine myeloma cell line. 799 40

The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP) gene (13q33-qter) depicts a two-allele (A/B) polymorphism. In the noncancer population, the frequency of the B allele is higher among blacks than among whites. Since the incidence of multiple myeloma and prostate and lung cancer is higher in the U.S. black population, we have analyzed the B-allele frequency in germ-line DNA to determine whether the PADPRP gene correlates with a polymorphic susceptibility to these diseases. For multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, an increased frequency of the B allele appeared to be striking only in black patients. In contrast, the distribution of the B allele in germ-line DNA did not differ among white patients with these diseases, when compared with the control group. An elevated B-allele frequency was also found in germ-line DNA in blacks with colon cancer. These observations suggest that the PADPRP polymorphism may provide a valid marker for a predisposition to these cancers in black individuals. To determine the genomic structure of the polymorphic PADPRP sequences, a 2.68-kb HindIII clone was isolated and sequenced from a chromosome 13-enriched library. Sequence analysis of this clone (A allele) revealed a close sequence similarity (91.8%) to PADPRP cDNA (1q42) and an absence of introns, suggesting that the gene on 13q exists as a processed pseudogene. A 193-bp conserved duplicated region within the A allele was identified as the source of the polymorphism. The nucleotide differences between the PADPRP gene on chromosome 13 and related PADPRP genes were exploited to develop oligonucleotides that can detect the difference between the A/B genotypes in a PCR. This PCR assay offers the opportunity for analyzing additional black cancer patients, to determine how the PADPRP processed pseudogene or an unidentified gene that cosegregates with the PADPRP gene might be involved with the development of malignancy.
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PMID:A duplicated region is responsible for the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase polymorphism, on chromosome 13, associated with a predisposition to cancer. 843 80

Recently, by using a probe for the nuclear DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene, a pseudogene was found on the long arm of chromosome 13. RFLP analysis demonstrates the presence of a common "A" allele and a rare "B" allele, which has a deletion of approximately 200 bp. This deletion occurs more frequently in blacks than in whites in the United States. In two B-cell malignancies, Burkitt's and follicular lymphomas, there is a marked increased frequency of the expression of the B allele. Thus, we have analyzed the frequency of this allele in another B-cell malignancy, multiple myeloma (MM), which is also more frequently observed in blacks. We studied 97 patients with MM (41 black and 56 white patients) and 30 patients with the related disorder monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; 13 black and 17 white patients). The results demonstrate that the overall frequency of B allele expression (37%) is higher than in a noncancer control population (23%; P < 0.01). This difference is mainly due to the much higher frequency of B expression in black patients (52 versus 35% in black controls; P < 0.01), whereas there is no significant difference in white patients (18 versus 14% in white controls). Overall, B allelic frequency is similar in patients with MM and MGUS. Matched germline and tumor DNA show identical patterns of expression of these alleles. These results suggest germline B allelic expression predisposes one to MM and MGUS.
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PMID:Deletion of genetic material from a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-like gene on chromosome 13 occurs frequently in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. 867 93

The poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PADPRP) gene has been implicated in carcinogenesis through its role in DNA repair, replication and recombination. A two-allele polymorphism in the chromosome 13 PADPRP pseudogene has been studied in several racial groups. It has been suggested that the B allele, which results from a 193-bp deletion in the gene, predisposes to myeloma in Blacks. We assessed the association between chromosome 13 PADPRP pseudogene genotype, mutagen sensitivity (a marker reflecting host DNA repair capability), cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk in a minority lung cancer case-control study. The chromosome 13 PADPRP pseudogene polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-based analysis. Mutagen sensitivity was measured by an in vitro assay that quantified bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. We examined 121 cases (80 African-Americans and 41 Mexican-Americans) with previously untreated lung cancer and 171 matched controls. Our results suggested that the distribution of the PADPRP pseudogene genotype frequencies was significantly different among African-American and Mexican-American controls (P < 0.001). The susceptibility genotype (i.e. at least one B allele) was found in 82.5% of African-American cases, 79.4% of African-American controls, 53.7% of Mexican-American cases, and 32.4% of Mexican-American controls. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for the PADPRP susceptibility genotypes were 2.3 (95% CI = 0.7-8.0) and 3.2 (95% CI = 1.0-10.3) for African-Americans and Mexican-Americans respectively, after adjustment by age, sex, pack-years and mutagen sensitivity. Patients with the susceptibility genotype appeared to have more mutagen-induced breaks than did patients with the other genotype. Only adenocarcinoma was significantly associated with the PADPRP susceptibility genotype (OR = 3.8). Mutagen sensitivity (> or = 1 break/cell) was significantly associated with lung cancer risk for both ethnic groups with increased ORs of above three-fold. On stratified analysis, synergistic interactions were noted for the PADPRP susceptibility genotype, mutagen sensitivity and smoking status. In Mexican-Americans, the ORs for PADPRP susceptibility genotype, mutagen sensitivity and both risk factors combined were 1.3, 2.7 and 17.1 respectively. The combined OR for the PADPRP susceptibility genotype and smoking status was 15.6. Therefore, this polymorphism appears to be associated with lung cancer risk. However, it is likely that no single genotype is sufficiently predictive of risk and that a panel of susceptibility markers is needed to define the high-risk subgroup.
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PMID:Deletion in poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase pseudogene and lung cancer risk. 947 99

In our previous studies, DAZAP2 gene expression was down-regulated in untreated patients of multiple myeloma (MM). For better studying the structure and function of DAZAP2, a full-length cDNA was isolated from mononuclear cells of a normal human bone marrow, sequenced and deposited to Genbank (AY430097). This sequence has an identical ORF (open reading frame) as the NM_014764 from human testis and the D31767 from human cell line KG-1. Phylogenetic analysis and structure prediction reveal that DAZAP2 homologues are highly conserved throughout evolution and share a polyproline region and several potential SH2/SH3 binding sites. DAZAP2 occurs as a single-copy gene with a four-exon organization. We further noticed that the functional DAZAP2 gene is located on Chromosome 12 and its pseudogene gene is on Chromosome 2 with electronic location of human chromosome in Genbank, though no genetic abnormalities of MM have been reported on Chromosome 12. The ORF of human DAZAP2 encodes a 17-kDa protein, which is highly similar to mouse Prtb. The DAZAP2 protein is mainly localized in cytoplasm with a discrete pattern of punctuated distribution. DAZAP2 may associate with carcinogenesis of MM and participate in yet-to-be identified signaling pathways to regulate proliferation and differentiation of plasma cells.
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PMID:The structure, expression and function prediction of DAZAP2, a down-regulated gene in multiple myeloma. 1562 43

Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic malignancy, is an incurable disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Though great progresses have been made in understanding the mechanisms of MM, metabolic plasticity and drug resistance remain largely unknown. In this study, we found lncRNA Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 pseudogene 1 (PDIA3P) is highly expressed in MM and is associated with the survival rate of MM patients. PDIA3P regulates MM growth and drug resistance through Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Mechanistically, we revealed that PDIA3P interacts with c-Myc to enhance its transactivation activity and binding to G6PD promoter, stimulating G6PD expression and PPP flux. Our study identified PDIA3P as a novel c-Myc interacting lncRNA and elucidated crucial roles for PDIA3P in metabolic regulation of MM, providing a potential therapeutic target for MM patients.
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PMID:LncRNA PDIA3P interacts with c-Myc to regulate cell proliferation via induction of pentose phosphate pathway in multiple myeloma. 2950 44

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