Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A lambda, IgAl myeloma protein that formed two chain half-molecules was obtained from a patient who had typical multiple myeloma. His serum contained 1.3 g/100 ml of an IgA paraprotein of gamma-1 electrophoretic mobility, his urine predominantly lambda Bence Jones protein, and only small amounts of IgA paraprotein. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the isolated serum IgA protein showed 7.0S and 4.5S protein peaks but no IgA polymers. When the 7.0S and 4.5S protein peaks were tested with an antiserum specific for alpha chain, both fractions were antigenically deficient compared to control IgA myeloma proteins but showed a line of identity to their F(ab')2 fragments. The serum and 7.0S protein fraction showed double precipitin lines in IgA radial immunodiffusion plates and in immunoelectrophoretic analysis, one line being formed by the myeloma protein and the other by residual normal IgA. The myeloma protein did not form a precipitin line with antisera specific for the IgA Fc fragment. Sodium dodecylsulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that both the 7.0S and 4.5S fractions of the myeloma protein consisted of covalently linked heavy and light chains, 4.5S fraction being apparently the half-molecule of the 7.0S protein. The heavy chain had a mol wt of 46,500 daltons compared to 55,000 daltons for normal alpha chains. Reduction and alkylation in aqueous solutions resulted in dissociation of the 7.0S myeloma protein fractions into smaller units, probably half-molecules, suggesting that the noncovalent interactions between the alpha chains were substantially weakened or absent, presumably as a result of a deletion in the Fc portion of the alpha chain. The catabolic rates of the radio-labeled 7.0S and 4.5S protein in rhesus monkeys were similar to those of control IgA myeloma proteins; the excretion of protein-bound radioactivity of the IgA half-molecules into the urine was no greater than that of the 7.0S or of control IgA myeloma proteins. It is suggested that the myeloma IgA half-molecule is probably derived from an IgAl mutant that is carried in the human genome and that it is unlikely a representative of a rare IgA subclass or an IgA l allotypic variant.
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PMID:Human myeloma IgA half-molecules. 99 44

The plasma membrane has been implicated as one of the critical targets of photodynamic action. We observed that plasma membrane depolarization is an early event in the photodynamic action of zinc phthalocyanine disulfonate in mouse myeloma cells, showing both photosensitizer concentration and light dose dependence. The depolarization was observed immediately upon exposure to light, while membrane integrity was retained and showed a strong correlation with cell killing. In this study the use of channel blockers and alteration of ion concentration was employed to determine the factors involved in the membrane depolarization process. A general rise in cation permeability is associated with the depolarization. Loss of intracellular potassium was detected and an increase in intracellular free calcium was also observed. Sodium was found to strongly influence the photosensitized depolarization.
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PMID:Plasma membrane depolarization and calcium influx during cell injury by photodynamic action. 175 39

Molecules of normal mouse IgG are oriented horizontally in monolayers at air-water interface unlike the molecules of mouse IgG1 kappa secreted by MOPC-21 myeloma which have vertical orientation. Sodium desoxycholate processing of both preparations at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration resulted in abnormal IgG1 kappa preservation and normal IgG acquisition of vertical orientation in monolayers. When sodium desoxycholate was used for IgG modification at concentration higher than the critical micelle concentration both normal and abnormal IgG had horizontal orientation in monolayers.
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PMID:[Changes in the orientation of mouse myeloma immunoglobulin G in monolayers after treatment with sodium deoxycholate]. 381 42

Cold insolubility of a serum IgA cryoimmunoglobulin was found to be inhibited by the addition of 1.5 mM sodium decanedicarboxylate in vitro. The patient with the cryoglobulin had advanced multiple myeloma complicated by severe hyperviscosity that caused lethargy and episodic loss of consciousness. Decanedicarboxylic acid administered orally resulted in transient relief of symptoms and the loss of cryoprecipitability of the paraprotein. Further in vitro studies revealed that sodium salts of long-chain monocarboxylic acids with a minimum of eight carbons, and dicarboxylic acids with a minimum of 12 carbons inhibited cryoprecipitation. Salts of short-chain carboxylic acids, by contrast, enhanced cryoprecipitation. Sodium phenolate and sodium salts of benzoic acid, 2,4-DNP, phenylpropionic acid, and salicylic acid were also inhibitory. These latter compounds, which have a ring structure, did not cause precipitation at any concentration. It was demonstrated that the presence of a free carboxylic group was required for these activities; conversion of carboxylic acid to amide resulted in the loss of both the inhibitory and cryoprecipitation-enhancing effects. Normal plasma, or plasma from five other patients who had IgG, IgM, or mixed-type cryoglobulinemia, were not affected by any of these compounds. It is suggested that in selected cases of hyperviscosity syndrome associated with cryoglobulinemia, some of these compounds, especially monocarboxylic acids with appropriate chain lengths, or those with a ring structure, may have therapeutic applications.
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PMID:Inhibition of cold insolubility of an IgA cryoglobulin by decanedicarboxylic acid and related compounds. 663 13

Sodium was determined by flame photometry and by direct potentiometry in 56 serum or plasma samples from 24 patients with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinemia. We observed differences between the two techniques as large as 17 mmol/L (12%). The flame-photometric values decreased relative to the direct-potentiometric values as protein increased or water content decreased. Moreover, the two sodium measurements could not be interconverted simply on the basis of correcting for protein or water content. There was significantly lower residual variance (p less than 0.005) when the direct-potentiometric sodium values were compared with the osmolality (corrected for the influence of glucose and urea nitrogen) than when the flame-photometric values for sodium were so compared. We conclude that direct potentiometric measurements of sodium in patients with multiple myeloma gives clinically relevant results but flame photometry does not. Clearly, the method by which sodium is measured in patients with multiple myeloma must be considered if results are to be interpreted correctly.
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PMID:Sodium measurements in multiple myeloma: two techniques compared. 681 89

Hyponatremia is common in patients prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), usually secondary to diuretic therapy. Rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia, which potentially occurs on commencing CPB, may in susceptible patients result in central pontine myelomatosis. There are three parts to this study. Part 1: Patients (n = 170) undergoing CPB with preoperative hyponatremia were analyzed by degree of hyponatremia, additive EuroSCORE, length of stay - intensive care and total hospital, and mortality. Part 2: Sodium concentrations of different prime constituents used clinically were collated from the literature. Part 3: Mathematical modeling of the effects of patient size, sex, preoperative hemoglobin, prime solution, and prime volume with regard to the effect on serum sodium during cardiopulmonary bypass was analyzed, assuming a preoperative serum sodium of 125 mmol/L. Part 1: Patients with preoperative hyponatremia, even after matching by additive EuroSCORE, have longer length of stay - intensive care and total hospital, but not significantly different mortality rates. Part 2: Sodium concentrations of different primes used clinically varied from 0 mmol/L to 160 mmol/L. Part 3: Mathematical modeling revealed that patient size, sex, preoperative hemoglobin, prime solution, and prime volume all can exert a significant effect on serum sodium on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Further work is needed to evaluate the roles of sudden changes in serum sodium, with regard to a rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia, or the rapid creation of acute hyponatremia, and cerebral outcomes in patients undergoing CPB.
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PMID:Preoperative hyponatremia and cardiopulmonary bypass: yet another factor for cerebral dysfunction? 2043 92

Oncolytic virotherapeutic agents are likely to become serious contenders in cancer treatment. The vaccine strain of measles virus is an agent with an impressive range of oncolytic activity in pre-clinical trials with increasing evidence of safety and efficacy in early clinical trials. This paramyxovirus vaccine has a proven safety record and is amenable to careful genetic modification in the laboratory. Overexpression of the measles virus (MV) receptor CD46 in many tumour cells may direct the virus to preferentially enter transformed cells and there is increasing awareness of the importance of nectin-4 and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) in oncolysis. Successful attempts to retarget MV by inserting genes for tumour-specific ligands to antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD20, CD38, and by engineering the virus to express synthetic microRNA targeting sequences, and "blinding" the virus to the natural viral receptors are exciting measures to increase viral specificity and enhance the oncolytic effect. Sodium iodine symporter (NIS) can also be expressed by MV, which enables in vivo tracking of MV infection. Radiovirotherapy using MV-NIS, chemo-virotherapy to convert prodrugs to their toxic metabolites, and immune-virotherapy including incorporating antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors can also increase the oncolytic potential. Anti-viral host immune responses are a recognized barrier to the success of MV, and approaches such as transporting MV to the tumour sites by carrier cells, are showing promise. MV Clinical trials are producing encouraging preliminary results in ovarian cancer, myeloma and cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the outcome of currently open trials in glioblastoma multiforme, mesothelioma and squamous cell carcinoma are eagerly anticipated.
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PMID:Measles to the Rescue: A Review of Oncolytic Measles Virus. 2778 84