UMLS:C0026764 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The TH line was established by bringing tumour cells from a multiple myeloma patient into suspension culture and subsequently cloning them by limiting dilution. The cultured cells show marked heterogeneity; there are ultrastructural differences between small and large TH cells, particularly with respect to the rough endoplasmatic reticulum (RER). Karyotyping revealed chromosome numbers in the triploid range, with many structural abnormalities, at the 14q32 region among others. A t(14;18) could not be demonstrated. TH was shown to have germline and a rearranged allele for kappa light chain, and only a single rearranged gene for heavy chain immunoglobulin. TH expressed PCA-1, CD9, CD28 and CD38 antigens, HLA class II, RER and kappa light chain, but few or no other antigens associated with the B-cell lineage. Light chain kappa and trace amounts of IgG3 were found intracellularly as well as in culture supernatant. The addition of IL-6 to cultures of TH increased proliferation, as well as the secretion of kappa light chain and the membrane expression of CD28 and CD38 antigens. Because TH has relatively few B cell markers on its membrane, it may be useful for the induction of monoclonal antibodies specific for human plasma cells. It also provides a model for the demonstration that IL-6 can act as a paracrine growth and differentiation factor for cells of myelomal origin.
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PMID:Characterization of a human plasmacytoma line. 195 80

A human myeloma cell line designated LOPRA-1 has been established from ascites fluid containing malignant plasma cells of a patient with IgA2/kappa multiple myeloma. The cultured cells which are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) negative have retained the morphological, cytochemical, ultrastructural and immunophenotypical features of well-differentiated plasma cells. They express the plasma cell antigen PCA-1, the antigens CD28 (Kolt-2) and CD38 (OKT10), the transferrin-receptor (OKT9), and some epitopes of the CD24 antigen (HB8, VIB E3), but are negative for surface immunoglobulins. HLA class II antigens (HLA-DP, -DQ, -DR) and other B-cell markers such as CD10 (CALLA), CD19 (B4), CD20 (B1), CD21 (B2), CD22 (HD39), CD23 (MHM6), CD37 (BL14) and CD39 (G28-8) as analysed by both flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry (PAP/APAAP). With respect to immunoglobulin synthesis, two stable clones were selected by single cell cloning: clone LOPRA-1/5 synthesizes large amounts of alpha 2 heavy and kappa light chains, but secretes only small amounts of these molecules, whereas clone LOPRA-1/4 is clearly devoid of intracellular immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and thus appears to be a chain loss variant. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a pseudotriploid phenotype with several structurally abnormal marker chromosomes: 3n + -, 70, XX, -X, -1, -4, -6, -8, -8, -13, -16, +7, +18, +21, +i(1q), +i(1q), +6q-, +3mar.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of a permanent human IgA2/kappa myeloma cell line. 313 91

CD28 and CD40 are important activation pathways for T and B lymphocytes, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotype of plasma cells (PCs) and the expression of these two molecules, CD28 and CD40. Therefore, we have compared their expression on normal PCs from bone marrows and tonsils with that of freshly explanted malignant PCs from 31 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and those from 12 human myeloma cell lines. For this purpose, we first described a new approach to identify plasma cells in bone marrow using two-color immunofluorescence analysis with anti-CD38 and B-B4 antibodies. B-B4 specifically recognizes all PC; all B-B4 cells are located within the CD38 bright fraction and vice versa. CD19 and CD56 expression, which was previously shown to discriminate normal from malignant PCs, was also evaluated. In the current report, we show that normal PCs express CD19, CD40, and CD56 (weakly as a subset) and lack CD28. Regardless of whether they express CD19, CD56 is clearly upregulated during the medullary chronic and accelerated phases of MM, but is absent in patients with extramedullary involvement. Although the level of CD40 expression is variable, only patients in accelerated phases expressed high CD40 levels. Finally, whereas CD28 was negative in chronic phase (as in normal PCs), it was expressed in 63% of the patients in accelerated phases and 100% of cell lines. Our data strongly suggest that both disease activity and medullary homing (or not) are correlated with the expression of CD19, CD40, CD28, and CD56 on human myeloma cells.
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PMID:Expression of CD28 and CD40 in human myeloma cells: a comparative study with normal plasma cells. 752 34

Multiple myeloma cell lines, MOLP-2 and MOLP-3, were established from the peripheral blood of a patient in leukemic phase of multiple myeloma. Both cell lines express the IL-6 receptor, CD28 T cell-associated antigen and CD33 myeloid-associated antigen. IgD lambda immunoglobulin was found in the culture supernatants of both MOLP-2 and MOLP-3.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of new IgD lambda type myeloma cell lines, MOLP-2 and MOLP-3, expressing CD28, CD33 antigens and the IL-6 receptor. 814 13

We report a novel, reproducible methodology which enabled 10 human myeloma cell lines (HMCL) to be obtained from each of 10 tumor samples harvested from 9 patients with extramedullary proliferation. Fresh samples were cultured with interleukin 6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) at a high cell density and resulting HMCL growth became progressively dependent on IL-6 alone, no longer requiring GM-CSF. These HMCL, which had the same immunoglobulin gene rearrangements as the patients' original myeloma cells, were designated XG-1 to XG-9. XG HMCL had a plasma cell morphology, expressed plasma cell antigen (Ag), namely cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, CD38, B-B4 Ag, and CD77, and lacked the usual B-cell Ag. They also expressed activation antigens such as CD28 with coexpression of CD28 and its ligand, B7 Ag, in four HMCL. Six HMCL expressed CD40, 4 CD23, and 5 its ligand, CD21. The XG HMCL bore adhesion molecules VLA-4 and CD44 (all 10 HMCL), VLA-5 (7 HMCL), and CD56 (4 HMCL). Finally, cytogenetic study of 8 HMCL indicated a 14q+ chromosome, and t(11,14) translocation was found in 6 of 8 and 5 of 8 HMCL, respectively. The possibility of obtaining malignant plasma cell lines reproducibly from each patient with extramedullary proliferation offers a unique tool for studying the phenotype and abnormalities of the still unidentified tumor stem cell in this disease.
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PMID:Reproducible obtaining of human myeloma cell lines as a model for tumor stem cell study in human multiple myeloma. 820 90

Although considerable progress has been made towards understanding many aspects of myeloma, the myeloma stem cell and the factors that drive the disease remain elusive. Recent developments in the molecular analysis of clonality have helped to confirm the presence of pre-switch B cells that are of the same clone as the myeloma plasma cells. The role of these cells in myelomagenesis has not been demonstrated, and the isotypic heterogeneity of the clonally-relevant cells suggests that the pre-switch B cells are pre-malignant progenitors of the tumour cells. Thus, the circulating clonal B cells appear to be the earliest progenitors of the mature, monoclonal plasma cells. IL-6, and possibly other cytokines, are involved in driving this process. The role of IL-6 in myeloma is complex and more involved than its proposed growth factor function. In the absence of IL-6, dependent cells become apoptotic. Increased IL-6 signalling also leads to apoptosis of myeloma cells, possibly as a result of terminal differentiation. In the presence of exogenous IL-6, the IL-6 receptor appears to be the rate-limiting factor in the pathway's activity. IL-6 may regulate the survival of myeloma cells by stimulating c-myc transcription, possibly from the P0 promoter. The high levels of c-myc transcripts and protein could regulate myeloma cell proliferation and apoptotic death by controlling p53 expression and, through it, the expression of the Rb and BAX genes. Proliferative signalling in myeloma cells is likely to be intrinsic, within the tumour cell compartment. Molecules such as CD28 and B7, both expressed by less mature myeloma cells, could represent one such self-self stimulatory mechanism, with IL-6, possibly through stimulation of c-myc expression, providing the signals for survival and differentiation.
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PMID:Biological aspects of multiple myeloma. 884 69

In this paper three different areas of the biology of multiple myeloma (MM) are reviewed: (1) the immunophenotypic characteristics of plasma cells (PC), (2) the changes in the immunoregulatory cells, and (3) the cell DNA content of PC. Myelomatous PC display a heterogeneous phenotype not only between different patients but also within each patient consistent with the fact that the neoplastic clone is able to undergo a certain degree of differentiation. In addition, PC generally lack surface B cell associated antigens and infrequently show reactivity for non-lineage restricted markers. The B-B4 and CD38 are the two best markers for identifying PC which are crucial for the correct assessment of other antigens by multiple staining procedures. Moreover, some of the antigens present in PC such as CD56, CD20, CD10, CD28 and SIg may have prognostic implications. Whether or not normal PC are phenotypically different from myelomatous PC remains controversial although some antigenic combinations such as CD19-/CD56++ could probably help to identify the malignant nature of PC. Both T and NK cells are markedly altered in MM patients probably reflecting a host-tumour immunological interaction. The reduction in CD4 cells correlates both with advanced clinical stage and poor survival. As far as NK cells are concerned, there is an overall increase in peripheral blood and BM in MM patients but the changes observed are heterogeneous, reflecting the existence of different NK cell subsets. This fact could explain the contradictory results observed in the literature. Accumulating evidence exists that the measurement of cell DNA content by flow cytometry is a useful parameter in the clinical evaluation of MM patients. Between 50 and 70% of MM patients display DNA aneuploidy with the majority of them hyperdiploid. Upon comparing hyperdiploid with diploid patients, the former usually display a better prognosis. The possibility of analysing the cell cycle distribution by using a PI/CD38 double staining technique may be an alternative to other more laborious methods of assessing the PC labelling index. In our experience, patients with > 3% S phase PC have an adverse prognosis and this parameter was the most important independent prognostic criteria for predicting survival.
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PMID:Immunophenotype and DNA cell content in multiple myeloma. 884 70

A human monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated mNKES, was generated by fusing B cells isolated from an enlarged cervical lymph node of a patient with a carotid body tumor (CBT), with human myeloma cell line KR-12 (6TG). The reactivity of mNKES was tested by the indirect immunofluorescence method. The antigen defined by mNKES was expressed on Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines Raji, Daudi, and Ramos and on B lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9. In addition, mNKES reacted with T cells stimulated with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) obtained from normal healthy donors. However, mNKES did not react with normal resting human T, B, or adherent cells (monocytes/macrophages). When the reactivity of mNKES and mouse mAbs recognizing the human adhesion-associated antigen (CD10, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD14, CD16, CD18, CD23, CD28, CD29, CD31, CD43, CD44, CD45RA, CD50, CD54, CD58, CD80, CD102, CD106, and HLA class I, and HLA class II antigen) with various cell lines was compared, mNKES reactivity was found to be unique, not resembling that of any of these mouse mAbs. Interestingly, mNKES specifically and rapidly (within 2 hr) induced homotypic cell aggregation of IM-9 cells. This mNKES-induced cell aggregation was completely blocked by the addition of EDTA and when incubated at 4 degrees C. The mAbs reactive with CD11a/CD18 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1; LFA-1) and CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1) completely blocked the IM-9 cell aggregation induced by mNKES, and induction of IM-9 cell aggregation by mNKES was significantly blocked in the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitors sphingosine and H-7 and completely blocked by cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D, which inhibit microfilament formation. Regarding biological function, IM-9 cells bearing surface IgG (sIgG) effectively promoted IgG-secreting activity underlying the homotypic cell aggregation induced by mNKES. The surface antigen recognized by mNKES has a molecular size of about 55 kDa, as determined by immunoblotting analysis. These findings indicate that mNKES recognizes a novel adhesion-associated antigen distinct from any previously reported adhesion-associated antigens in terms of pattern of cellular distribution and biological function and that mNKES is the first human mAb found that rapidly induces homotypic cell aggregation and effectively promotes the IgG-secreting activity of human B lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9.
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PMID:A novel human monoclonal antibody rapidly induces homotypic cell aggregation and promotes antibody-secreting activity by human B lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9. 908 89

The function of CD28 molecules that are present on malignant plasma cells of human myeloma cell lines (HMCL) was studied. First, myeloma cells expressed a similar density of CD28 antigen to that of normal T cells. The myeloma CD28 molecules were able to bind B7-Ig molecules as well as L cells transfected with a B7-1 cDNA, and anti-CD28 mAb inhibited the binding. Myeloma cells did not express B7-1 antigens but a low density of B7-2 antigens. The myeloma B7-2 molecules of two HMCL were able to bind CTLA-4 protein. No autocrine CD28:B7-2 activation could be evidenced as we found no spontaneous binding of the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase to CD28 molecules. In addition, a blocking anti-CD28 mAb did not affect the IL-6-dependent or autonomous proliferation of the HMCL. The activation of myeloma CD28 molecules with or without TPA stimulation did not affect the proliferation, survival, differentiation, expression of activation antigens and cytokine receptors or cytokine production of myeloma cells. However, the triggering of myeloma CD28 molecules by B7-1 transfectant cells resulted in binding of the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase to CD28 molecules as previously shown for T cell CD28 molecules. This expression of a large density of CD28 molecules able to bind B7 molecules might contribute to a downregulation of the immune control of myeloma cells.
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PMID:Malignant plasma cell lines express a functional CD28 molecule. 955 21

Flow cytometry immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and multivariate data-analytical techniques revealed that among untreated hemato-oncological patients (n = 48) with lymphomas, acute and chronic myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and multiple myeloma, 42% had (nonmalignant) lymphocyte profiles clearly distinct from healthy donors. Notably, a similar pattern of increased CD3+ CD57+, CD3+ HLA-DR+, CD3+ CD(16 + 56)+, CD4- CD8+, CD8+ CD57+, CD8+ CD28-, and CD8+ CD62L- subsets was detected. More extensive three-color immunophenotyping on an additional group of 49 untreated patients revealed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells displayed significant increases of activation markers: CD69, CD(16 + 56), HLA-DR, CD71, and CD57, and a loss of CD62L and CD28, which is also interpreted as a sign of activation. Consistent with the phenotypical signs of in vivo immune activation, polyclonal cytolytic activity, measured ex vivo in an anti-CD3-redirected assay, was detected within immunomagnetically purified CD4+ T cells of three out of six B-CLL patients investigated, but not within purified CD4+ T cells of five healthy donors. The purified CD8+ T cells of patients (n = 28) and donors (n = 5) on the other hand displayed similar polyclonal cytotoxic activities at the various effector:target ratios investigated. Tumor-directed cytotoxic activity of purified CD4+ (n = 6) and/or CD8+ T cells (n = 15) against freshly isolated autologous tumor cells was not detected in any of the experiments. Collectively, our results demonstrate systemic T cell activation as a common feature in hematological neoplasia, and a markedly enhanced cytolytic activity of the CD4- subset in CLL patients. The reason(s) for this expansion of activated T cells and its pathophysiologic significance, however, remain unclear.
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PMID:Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset shifts in patients with untreated hematological tumors: evidence for systemic activation of the T cell compartment. 959 74

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