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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cancer mortality during 1970-85 of immigrants from East and West Africa and the Caribbean to England and Wales is described. Overall cancer mortality was raised in West African males (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25-1.54), and non-significantly raised in West African females (RR 1.14, 0.96-1.37) compared to mortality in the England and Wales-born population. Much of the increased risk was due to very high rates of liver cancer in males (RR 31.6, 23.8-41.9), but rates were also raised for a wide range of other cancers in each sex. Only lung and brain cancer had significantly decreased mortality. In East Africans, overall cancer mortality was low in males (RR 0.63, 0.56-0.70), and in females (RR 0.80, 0.72-0.89). Mortality was significantly low for cancers of the stomach, pancreas and testis, and Hodgkin's disease in males, for cervical cancer in females, and for lung cancer and melanoma in both sexes. Cancer sites with significantly raised mortality included oropharyngeal cancer, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma in both sexes. In Caribbean immigrants overall cancer rates were significantly low in males (RR 0.71, 0.68-0.74) and in females (RR 0.76, 0.73-0.80). Mortality was significantly low for many cancers including colorectal, lung, testis and brain cancers. Mortality was significantly raised only for cancer of the prostate in males, of the placenta in females, and of the liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in both sexes. Overall, mortality was high from prostatic cancer and liver cancer, and was low from brain cancer, in predominantly ethnic African immigrant groups. Both East and West African immigrants had raised rates of leukaemia. All of the migrant groups had high rates of multiple myeloma and low rates of testicular, ovarian and lung cancer. Genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to these patterns are discussed.
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PMID:Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales. 141 34

Previous New Zealand case-control studies have found increased risk for leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma in farmers. We report here a further series of New Zealand Cancer Registry based case-control studies of farming and site-specific cancer risks. These involved 19,904 males aged 20 years or more who were registered with cancer between 1980 and 1984. For each cancer site, the registrations for other sites formed the control group. Farmers had elevated risks for malignant melanoma (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.05-1.50), and for cancer of the lip (OR = 2.43, 95% Cl 1.81-3.27), rectum (OR = 1.19, 95% Cl 1.03-1.38), bone (OR = 1.95, 95% Cl 1.00-3.80), prostate (OR = 1.26, 95% Cl 1.13-1.41) and brain (OR = 1.34, 95% Cl 1.04-1.74). Decreased risks were observed for cancer of the larynx (OR = 0.66, 95% Cl 0.45-0.96), lung (OR = 0.70, 95% Cl 0.63-0.77) and testis (OR = 0.58, 95% Cl 0.39-0.88). Livestock farmers had a relatively high risk for brain cancer, while the risk for cancer of the lip was highest among dairy farmers. Farmers also had increased risks for cancer of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system (International Classification of Disease 9th edn (ICD) 200-208) (OR = 1.24, 95% Cl 1.08-1.42), leukaemia (OR = 1.24, 95% Cl 0.99-1.55) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (OR = 1.24, 95% Cl 0.99-1.56), as described previously.
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PMID:Cancer risks in New Zealand farmers. 262 Oct 12

Over the past two decades, marked shifts have occurred in cancer mortality in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Federal Republic of Germany. Stomach cancer mortality has declined sharply, while brain cancer and multiple myeloma increased nearly twofold for persons ages 75 to 84. Total cancer incidence in the United States, excluding lung cancer, has risen 27% since 1950, adjusted to the aging of the population. The origins of these trends are not known. The diet in the developed countries includes a number of naturally occurring, powerful anticarcinogens and carcinogens. To evaluate the role of these substances in the prevention and causation of human cancer, this paper reviews existing toxicologic and epidemiologic data. These data indicate that naturally occurring substances in food influence cancer initiation, promotion, progression, and demotion by a number of mechanisms, including (1) covalent binding to DNA of naturally occurring anticarcinogenic compounds to block the initiation of carcinogenesis; (2) induction of biotransforming enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and mixed-function oxidase (MFO) which can reduce carcinogenicity; (3) inhibition of tumor promotion by compounds such as retinol, tocopherol, and organosulfates found in garlic, onions, fruits, and vegetables; and (4) physical alteration of carcinogens by food constituents or by food preparation and handling so as to alter carcinogenicity. Systems have been proposed for estimating the relative ranking for humans of individually tested, experimental carcinogens, including some constituents of food. While qualitatively useful, such systems as the HERP Index do not take into account important interactions among naturally occurring and synthetic constituents in foods, nor do they permit examination of the possible role of evolved resistance. Common mixtures in food must be tested for carcinogenicity in human tissue cultures and in long-term rodent bioassays. Such studies need to examine whether the action of synthetic organic carcinogens may be inhibited by potent naturally occurring anticarcinogens.
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PMID:Natural anticarcinogens, carcinogens, and changing patterns in cancer: some speculation. 268 27

From 1968 to 1983, age-specific cancer mortality for all cancers fell by 2.1% annually for men and women aged 35-44 and rose by 1.1% annually for men and 0.3% for women aged 75-84. In the 75-84 age group brain cancer mortality rose by 8% annually and multiple myeloma by 2.75%. Lung cancer mortality rose in men and women aged 45-84 (by 8.2% annually in 65-74 year-old women) but fell by over 3% annually in men aged 35-44. Stomach cancer declined by 4% annually in 75-84 year-olds and about 3% annually in 55-74 year-olds. These trends do not support the hypothesis that recent increases in specific cancers in the elderly chiefly reflect improved diagnosis of cases that would formerly have been misrepresented or miscoded.
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PMID:Trends in cancer mortality: US white males and females, 1968-83. 289 59

The mortality experience of agricultural extension agents in the Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture who died during the period January 1, 1970-December 31, 1979 (n = 1,495 white males) was evaluated in proportionate-mortality and case-control studies. The proportionate-mortality analysis was used to identify cancers that might be elevated in this occupational group compared with the U.S. white male population. All cancers with a significantly elevated proportionate-mortality ratio were more thoroughly evaluated in the case-control study, where there is presumably less of a selection bias in the comparison. In the case-control study, leukemia demonstrated a statistically significant linear trend with duration of employment as an extension agent. Smaller, but nonsignificant, trends were seen for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and brain cancer. The odds ratio for Hodgkin's disease and cancers of the colon, prostate, and kidney did not vary with the number of years on the job. These patterns resemble cancer risks seen among farmers, suggesting that agricultural factors may also play a role in the origin of these tumors among extension agents.
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PMID:Mortality among agricultural extension agents. 320 2

We calculated 5-year crude and relative survival rates, by age and sex, for patients in Alberta in whom cancer was diagnosed between 1974 and 1978. Cancers with low overall 5-year relative survival rates (less than 35%) included stomach cancer, cancer of the pancreas, lung cancer, brain cancer, multiple myeloma and myeloid leukemia. Cancers with high overall 5-year relative survival rates (more than 70%) included melanoma, breast cancer, cancer of the uterus, cancer of the bladder and Hodgkin's disease. Five-year relative survival rates were generally lower in the highest age group (75 years or more). A strong inverse relation between age and survival was noted for brain cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and myeloid leukemia.
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PMID:Survival rates among patients with cancer in Alberta in 1974-78. 337 May 94

In analyzing U.S. cancer mortality from 1933 to 1978, Doll and Peto speculated that recently recorded increases in mortality among those over age 64 were likely to be artifacts, reflecting deaths previously misattributed to such causes as nonspecific cancer, pneumonia, and senility and other ill-defined causes. We test this hypothesis by examining some age-specific, cause-specific mortality in persons 35 to 84 for the period of the 8-ICDA, 1968-1978, which corresponds to the last eleven years of the period studied by Doll and Peto. Our analysis reveals increasing trends in mortality from lung cancer, brain cancer and multiple myeloma in older whites and nonwhites along with increases in several potentially miscoded causes of death from 1968 to 1978. Thus, these increasing cancers in the elderly cannot be explained solely as artifacts. Further studies of trends in site-specific cancer mortality should include age groups through at least age 85. Continued monitoring of site-specific cancer mortality patterns, particularly among the elderly, remains crucial for developing preventive strategies to reduce cancers.
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PMID:Increasing trends in some cancers in older Americans: fact or artifact? 378 41

The cause-specific mortality of 2,510 males employed at an east Texas chemical plant was examined in a historical prospective study to evaluate a suspected increase in deaths from multiple myeloma and brain cancer. Potential exposures from chemicals, either used in manufacturing processes or produced during the study period 1952-1977, included the fuel additive tetraethyl lead, ethylene dibromide and dichloride, inorganic lead, and vinyl chloride monomer. Overall mortality for all workers (156 observed vs. 211.14 expected) and for workers first employed between 1952 and 1959 (131 observed vs. 167.33 expected) when tetraethyl lead was the single major product was lower than expected when compared to the United States general population. There were no significant increases in mortality from malignancies or other causes of death. The deficits may be due to the small number of total deaths, and the low power for detecting excess risk of mortality from multiple myeloma (Z1-beta = 27, alpha = .05), brain cancer (Z1-beta = 31, alpha = .05), or other rare causes of death; lack of complete workplace exposure data for production workers; and the absence of historical measurements on the extent of environmental exposure to tetraethyl lead and other chemicals.
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PMID:An investigation of mortality from cancer and other causes of death among workers employed at an east Texas chemical plant. 396 83

The risk of developing a second primary cancer was evaluated in approximately 19,000 persons with initial cancers of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system in Connecticut between 1935 and 1982. Significant excesses for all second cancers were observed among patients with leukemia (34%), Hodgkin's disease (70%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (25%), and multiple myeloma (24%). In general, the risk of second cancers was greater in males than in females, even for cohorts not showing an excess of surveillance-related prostate cancer. Among patients with leukemia, significant excesses of cancers of the lung, kidney/ureter, and prostate were noted; cutaneous melanoma was elevated only in males. These excesses did not persist in the small number of long-term survivors. Possible etiologic factors included tobacco smoking for lung and kidney cancers, medical surveillance artifact for prostate cancer, and immunosuppression for malignant melanoma and lung cancer. The large number and good prognoses of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia strongly influenced the pattern of second cancers when all leukemias were analyzed together; no evidence was found for an increased risk of second cancer in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A disproportionate number of subsequent cancers, particularly those of the kidney and ureter, were diagnosed incidentally at autopsy. Patients with Hodgkin's disease displayed significant excesses of cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, lung, female breast, and thyroid. The latter 3 sites remained significantly elevated in long-term survivors (10 yr or more postdiagnosis), so that radiation therapy may have contributed to their development. Among persons with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancers of the stomach, lung, brain, and connective tissue occurred excessively. The first 3 sites, plus cancers of the urinary bladder, remained elevated among long-term survivors. The brain cancer excess, not previously reported, may represent misclassification of central nervous system lymphoma. The risk of gastric cancer is reminiscent of similar findings in patients with both acquired and genetically determined immunodeficiency disorders. The alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide, used extensively in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is known to cause bladder cancer in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Second cancer following lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers in Connecticut, 1935-82. 408 98

Despite their generally favorable mortality experience, general occupational surveys of farmers suggest they have elevated risks of cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems, stomach, prostate, brain, and skin. Since farmers often serve in the role of mechanic, carpenter, welder, pesticide applicator, and veterinarian, they may be exposed to many potentially hazardous substances. The types and levels of exposures have been discussed by others earlier in the program. The evidence is strongest for the association between farming and risk of leukemia. However, the specific leukemogenic agent or agents have yet to be identified. Leukemia excesses among poultrymen and dairy farmers suggest involvement of zoonotic viruses, while associations with crop production is more indicative of pesticide usage. The associations regarding other cancers (i.e., Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft-tissue sarcoma, and cancers of the stomach, brain, and prostate) are even less clear. However, the Swedish reports of high risk of soft-tissue sarcomas and lymphomas among persons exposed to herbicides is particularly disconcerting and underscores the urgent need for similar epidemiologic studies in the U.S. Several case-control interview studies are underway that should help clarify the role of agricultural factors in the origin of various cancers. NCI is sponsoring studies of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men from Minnesota and Iowa. Detailed information on farm practices and pesticide usage is being gathered. A study of soft-tissue sarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, and non-hodgkin's lymphoma also has just been initiated. This investigation is located in Kansas, a major wheat producing area. A wheat producing area was selected because herbicides are more heavily used on this crop than insecticides. The major objective of this project is to evaluate the role of herbicides in the origin of these cancers. A case-control study of brain cancer has also recently been initiated. Although this study focuses on contact with petrochemicals, a complete work history will be obtained and would note any farm experience. These data may help clarify the reported association between brain cancer and farming.
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PMID:Cancer risks associated with agriculture: epidemiologic evidence. 715 Feb 8


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