Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an individual sensitized to an antigen, Withdrawal of the corresponding antibody and of the accompanying antigen-antibody complexes stimulates antibody production: the end result is thus not unlike the effect of a booster dose of that antigen. Conversely, a sufficient concentration of antigen-antibody complexes will eventually shut off the antibody production to that antigen. The body is able to regulate through this mechanism the amplitude of the immune response, using the feed-back interaction of antigen-antibody complexes with the immune system. Without such a control system any antigenic stimulation would result in an uncontrolled out-pouring of antibodies, as is observed in myeloma. The regulation of cell mediated immunity is also indirectly affected by the concentration of circulating antigen-antibody complexes. Other mechanisms of immunoregulation are also at work, using the mediation of so-called suppressor cells, identified as sub-populations of T and B cells acting both specifically and non-specifically on immune effectors cells. It is likely that a major factor contributing to the pathogenesis of some persistent chronic infections such as syphilis, brucellosis, chronic viral hepatitis, leprosy, vaccinia, congenital cytomegalovirus infection persisting in childhood, and so on, and in conditions such as cancer, is an inadequate initial production of antibodies, further aggravated by the ensuing immunosuppression brought about by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Antigen-antibody complexes have indeed been identified as playing a prominent role in some of these diseases. It is also suggested that the magnitude of the initial antigenic dose may influence the ensuing immune response: while a large antigen dose could induce a "classic" and efficient immune response, a low antigen dose, such as an incipient neoplasm, could result in a minimal antibody response, further suppressed by the appearance of antigen-antibody complexes. Through this mechanism, a premature failure to eradicate the disease would follow. I suggest that a significant and sudden lowering of the concentration of relevant entibodies and antigen-antibody complexes through exchange plasmapheresis, would trigger a fully adequate and therapeutic immune response. This possibility is discussed.
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PMID:On the potential usefulness of exchange plasmapheresis in the immunotherapy of cancer and of some chronic persistent infections. 96 65

A total of 204 sera, taken from healthy individuals or from individuals with various parasitic and bacterial infections, were examined by the indirect haemagglutination test. The tests were carried out using either a thermo-stable lipoprotein or unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid, and a titre of 1:64 or above was considered positive. Sixty-two of 70 sera from individuals with surgically-confirmed hydatid disease showed positive reactions with the thermo-stable lipoprotein--a sensitivity of 88%. No false positive reactions were obtained with sera from healthy individuals or from individuals with parasitic or bacterial infections, and no cross-reactions were observed with sera from individuals with multiple myeloma. The lipoprotein antigen thus showed a specificity of 100%. A sensitivity of 88% was obtained with the indirect haemagglutination test using whole hydatid cyst fluid; but positive reactions were obtained from healthy individuals and from individuals with schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis and malaria. No cross-reactions were obtained with sera from patients with gonorrhoea, syphilis or multiple myeloma. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity shown by the thermo-stable lipoprotein ('Antigen 880'), it is considered that this antigen is more useful than unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis in Kenya.
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PMID:Diagnosis of human hydatid disease in surgically-confirmed cases by the use of the indirect haemagglutination test based on a thermo-stable lipoprotein and on unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid. 260 68

This communication reports on the usefulness of the IHA test and the ELISA in the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The study was conducted on 40 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease, 40 normal individuals, and sera from individuals with various parasitic infections and other conditions namely: hook-worm-8, taeniasis-5, schistosomiasis-10, malaria-15, visceral leishmaniasis-12, multiple myeloma-3, syphilis-6, and gonorrhoea-10. The results show a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%. The results indicate that it is no longer scientifically rational to hold the view that the Turkana do not mount adequate immune response against Echinococcus infections.
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PMID:Usefulness of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. 267 69

The clinical and laboratory findings in seven female patients with primary autoimmune diseases, one female patient with lymphoplasmacytoid (LP) immunocytoma and IgM paraproteinemia, and two male patients with multiple myeloma are described. The common denominator in all patients was a lupus anticoagulant or a closely related coagulation disorder. Recurrent thrombosis was observed in six patients with autoimmune diseases and in two patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathies. Other clinical manifestations included cerebral disorders (four patients with autoimmune disease/two patients with monoclonal gammopathy), repeated obstetric complications (6/1), asymptomatic valvular heart disease (6/1), renal dysfunction (6/2), hepatic involvement (2/2), and arthropathy (2/0). Laboratory investigations revealed a biologic false-positive serological test for syphilis in six patients with autoimmune disease and one with monoclonal gammopathy, antinuclear antibodies (4/0), antibodies against DNA (4/1), and a positive direct Coombs test (3/1) which was accompanied by hemolytic anemia in two patients (1/1). Additionally slight leukocytopenia (2/1) and thrombocytopenia (6/2) were observed; abnormal bleeding was only seen in one patient with severe thrombocytopenia. Other complications characteristic of LP immunocytoma or multiple myeloma were missing. The obvious similarities between the patients with autoimmune diseases and the patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathies suggest analogous pathogenetic mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lupus anticoagulant associated syndrome in benign and malignant systemic disease--analysis of ten observations. 311 94

Forty cases of dermatopathic lymphadenopathy were found in a series of 906 consecutive lymph node biopsies (4.8 per cent). The histologic development and progression of the disease was correlated with the clinical state of the patient. In 35 of 40 cases the patients had active skin disease at the time of the biopsy; one of the remaining five patients had Hodgkin's disease, one had multiple myeloma and one had secondary syphilis. In the other two, no organic cause was found. In nine cases (22.5 per cent), the histological pattern typical of dermatopathic lymphadenopathy was associated with malignant lymphoma. Except for two biopsies, which showed coexisting malignant lymphoma and dermatopathic lymphadenopathy, no histologic features were found which distinguished patients with malignant lymphoma from the remainder. While the pathogenesis of the lymph node changes remains obscure, the histologic features suggest that it is at least in part an immune response, although the nature of the responsible antigen is unknown.
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PMID:Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy a clinicopathologic analysis of lymph node biopsy over a fifteen-year period. 534 44

Three successive fusions of mouse myeloma cells and spleen lymphocytes of a mouse immunized with Treponema Pallidum resulted in one hybridoma producing anti T. pallidum antibodies for each fusion. The mice were immunized with live pallidum cells respectively 1, 3 and 5 months before fusion and with antigen purified on density gradients 4, 3 and 2 days before fusion. Hybridomas cultures were tested for antibody production with an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and a Western blotting technique. Two of the three anti T. pallidum antibody producing hybridomas were found with the ELISA, the third was found with a Western blotting technique. These hybridomas were also tested for the production of antibodies to rabbit antigens and T. phagedenis antigens in the ELISA: none appeared to be positive. Two of the hybridomas produce antibodies to a T. pallidum protein antigen of a molecular weight of 46 000: one hybridoma produces antibodies to a T. pallidum protein antigen of a molecular weight of 44 000 as determined by the Western blotting. Antibodies against these antigens are found during almost all stages of syphilis in man. One of the hybridomas produces monoclonal antibodies that react with treponemal antigen from E. coli cells, prepared by recombinant DNA technology as appeared in the Western blotting technique and this antibody will be used for purification of the 44 000 protein.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum. 639 26

Mixed agglutination (MA) test with sediments of guinea pig kidney (GPK) homogenates and indicator red blood cells of bovine (BRBC) or sheep (SRBC) origin was established for detection of human heterophile antibodies. By means of MA test with BRBC indicator cells, heterophile antibodies of Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) specificity were demonstrated in sera of patients with syphilis (20%), lepromatous leprosy (57%), infectious mononucleosis (45%), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (73%), Kawasaki disease (58%), multiple sclerosis (58%), and leukemias (13%), as well as in sera of subjects who received injections of foreign species sera (20%). Some but not all BRBC-positive sera gave positive MA tests when SRBC were employed as indicator cells. None of 13 multiple myeloma sera tested gave positive results. The incidence of positive reactions in normal human sera was 3%. Neutralization of H-D antibodies in representative pathologic sera by purified heterophile antigens showed that the antibodies under investigation were mostly directed against antigen(s) of high molecular weight glycoprotein, but not N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (NGNA) ganglioside fraction of BRBC.
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PMID:Mixed agglutination with guinea pig tissue sediments for detection of heterophile antibodies. 643 28

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with syphilis were stimulated in vitro against Treponema pallidum extract and consequently were fused with mouse myeloma cells to raise heterohybridomas secreting specific human antibodies. In these experiments, 5 heterohybridomas were selected which were shown to secrete monoclonal antibodies which recognized treponemal antigens. Some of the monoclonal (Mab 1C12, Mab 1D11) react with antigens specific to T. pallidum while others (Mab 2A2, Mab 2C8, Mab 2C11) bind to treponemal components which demonstrated group specificity.
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PMID:Human hybridomas secreting monoclonal antitreponemal antibodies raised after in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes. 781 64

Male (NZW x BXSB)F1 (W/BF1) mice develop a systemic lupus-like syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenia, coronary vascular disease, nephritis, and anticardiolipin antibodies. Three stable hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies were developed from these mice by fusing their splenic lymphocytes with nonsecreting myeloma cell line, NS-1. Monoclonal antibody A1.17 reacted with cardiolipin in a beta2-Glycoprotein I-dependent manner. The epitope for this antibody consisted of beta2-glycoprotein I bound to cardiolipin or immobilized on plastic plates. Other anionic phospholipid-binding proteins, such as prothrombin or annexin V, had no significant effect in the reactivity of these antibodies. The specificity is similar to the autoimmune anticardiolipin antibodies described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other infectious diseases. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies A1.72 and A1.84 reacted with cardiolipin in the absence of beta2-glycoprotein I. Beta2-glycoprotein I, either in the fluid phase or bound to cardiolipin, inhibited the binding of these antibodies. The specificity of the latter two antibodies was similar to that described in patients with syphilis and allied disorders. Both types of antibodies had lupus anticoagulant properties. Thus lupus-prone male (NZW x BXSB)F1 (W/BF1) mice develop both beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent and beta2-glycoprotein I-independent anticardiolipin antibodies.
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PMID:Characterization of beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent and -independent "antiphospholipid" antibodies from lupus-prone NZW/BXSB F1 hybrid male mice. 932 49

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with a variety of conditions, including autoimmune (systemic lupus erythematosus), infectious (syphilis, AIDS) and lymphoproliferative disorders (paraproteinemia, myeloma, lymphocytic leukemias). Thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent fetal loss and other clinical complications are currently associated with a subgroup of aPL designating the antiphospholipid syndrome. In contrast, aPL from patients with infectious disorders are not associated with any clinical manifestation. These findings led to increased interest in the origin and pathogenesis of aPL. Here we present the clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome and review the origin of aPL, the characteristics of experimentally induced aPL and their historical background. Within this context, we discuss the most probable pathogenic mechanisms induced by these antibodies.
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PMID:Origin and pathogenesis of antiphospholipid antibodies. 969 16


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