Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two commonly used methods for screening hybridoma supernatants secreting monoclonal islet cell reactive antibodies (mc-ICRA) were performed to investigate the specificity of the monoclonals established. For this, endothelial, neuroblastoma, murine subcutis and two myeloma cell lines were used as targets in comparison to the insulin-producing rat insulinoma cell line (RIN), either immobilized and permeabilized in cellular enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) or in suspension of viable cells in the indirect immunofluorescence test. In addition, rat splenocytes were used for estimating multireactivity of mc-ICRA in ELISA. Using permeabilized target cells, we obtained a high multireactivity of the monoclonal antibodies (mab) tested, indicating a high incidence of molecular mimicry between cytoplasmic antigens of different cell lines. In contrast to CELISA, if only cell surface antigens of viable cells are accessible, detected by the immunofluorescence technique, the high multireactivity is not observed. For investigating the specificity of monoclonals, the complexity of target antigens used must be taken into consideration.
 ...
PMID:Different multiple reactivity of monoclonal islet cell binding antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence technique on viable cells or cellular ELISA on desiccated cells as target. 184 Oct 31

GM2 ganglioside is a common cell surface constituent of human melanoma and other tumors of neuroectodermal origin, and vaccination with GM2 ganglioside results in high levels of anti-GM2 antibodies in patients with melanoma. Lymphocytes from a GM2-vaccinated patient (VS) were transformed by Epstein-Barr virus and tested for production of antibodies with reactivity for GM2-positive tumor cells. A high percentage of antibody-producing B cells was detected, but antibody reactivity was generally lost during culture expansion. Two cultures, however, remained stable for antibody productivity and one was used to develop a stable hybrid line with mouse myeloma. The monoclonal antibody (designated 3-207) derived from patient VS has dual specificity for GM2 and GD2, despite the fact that only GM2 antibody could be detected in the patient's serum. Monoclonal antibody 3-207 shows high-titered reactivity with a range of melanoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, and leukemia cell lines, cells with prominent cell surface expression of GM2 and GD2. The cell surface reactivity of monoclonal antibody 3-207 was not abolished by treatment of target cells with neuraminidase, as the enzyme converted GD2 to GM2, which was still detected by monoclonal antibody 3-207.
 ...
PMID:Human monoclonal antibody with dual GM2/GD2 specificity derived from an immunized melanoma patient. 215 45

Many in vitro techniques have been developed for removing cancer cells from the marrow of patients who are to undergo autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). These purging techniques can be classified as immunological or pharmacological. The immunomagnetic technique has been widely used in neuroblastoma patients. It depends on an interaction between target neuroblastoma cells in the marrow and a complex of specific monoclonal antibodies and magnetized microspheres, the target cells being selectively removed by passage through a magnetic field. Laboratory studies with neuroblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells have shown the high efficiency of this technique in selectively removing cancer cells while retaining adequate numbers of normal hematopoietic cells for subsequent reinfusion into the patient. Clinical studies in several hundred neuroblastoma patients, as well as small numbers of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast cancer, and myeloma patients, suggest that this is a clinically safe and effective technique. However, no clinical trial has been conducted comparing ABMT with and without in vitro marrow purging. Until such time, we will regard immunomagnetic purging as "standard of care" for neuroblastoma patients receiving ABMT.
 ...
PMID:Immunomagnetic purging of bone marrow: a model for negative cell selection. 224 Apr 71

Sixteen tumor markers are reviewed, and measured to the ideal: produced by the tumor cell alone absent in health and in benign disease present in all patients with a given malignancy level in the blood representative of tumor mass detectable in occult disease. The only marker that approaches the ideal is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in gestational trophoblastic tumors. In this malignancy, the HCG level suggests the diagnosis and stage, confirms response to therapy, and predicts relapse. The three most widely used and intensely studied tumor markers are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), and HCG. CEA cannot be used in screening for cancer, but in carcinoma of the colon its elevation preoperatively increases the likelihood of advanced disease and postoperative recurrence. Postoperatively, elevated titers are often but not invariably associated with recurrent disease. AFP and HCG are useful in the management of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Like CEA, they cannot be used for screening. They are more likely to be increased with advancing stage, and after therapy rising levels almost always mean recurrent disease. Some markers are valuable in specific circumstances, such as calcitonin in screening for familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In multiple myeloma, immunoglobulins are useful in determining the tumor mass and response to therapy. In neuroblastoma, catecholamine metabolites are useful primarily in making the diagnosis. In some malignancies, the absence of effective therapy lowers the value of the marker, as for AFP in hepatoma. The remaining markers are too unreliable or too little studied to be useful in the management of an individual patient with cancer. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with an understanding of the limitations of the present tumor markers that will lead to wiser use of the tests, and to provide standards to which future tumor markers should be measured.
 ...
PMID:Tumor markers: value and limitations in the management of cancer patients. 241 41

Three monoclonal antibodies (IgG2) have been produced from hybridomas obtained by fusion of murine myeloma cells and spleen cells of mice hyperimmunized with gamma-interferon-treated neuroblastoma cells. The 3 MAbs, 7A4, 2A6 and IG8, detected an antigen present on neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines, but also on some neuro-ectoderm-derived tissues and cells. All 3 clones were shown to react with an epitope of the di-sialo-ganglioside GD2 molecules highly expressed by some neuro-ectoderm-derived tumors, mainly neuroblastoma. Whereas MAb IG8 specificity was restricted to GD2 and its o-acylated form, MAb 2A6 and 7A4 were also able to detect GD3 at high concentration of antibody as shown by TLC analysis and immunodetection. The 3 MAbs were able to lyse 100% neuroblastoma cells in the presence of rabbit or human complement. Direct binding assays with 125I-labelled MAbs showed that MAb 7A4 might be a good candidate for in vivo immunolocalization experiments. The high proportion of anti-GD2 MAbs obtained by our fusion and the increased binding of anti-GD2 MAbs on gamma-IFN-treated neuroblastoma cells suggests a modulation of the exposure and an increase in the immunogenicity of GD2 induced by gamma-IFN.
 ...
PMID:New anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies produced from gamma-interferon-treated neuroblastoma cells. 246 85

By fusion of mouse NS1 myeloma cells with splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse immunized with human melanoma cells, an IgG1 monoclonal antibody, designated as 140.72, was produced. By the mixed hemadsorption antibody binding assay, 140.72 was shown to react with 17 of 20 melanoma cell lines and with 5 of 14 carcinoma cell lines. This antibody also reacted with 3 of 3 normal melanocyte cultures in much lower titers. It did not react with any of 35 other normal and malignant lines, including neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, sarcoma, teratoma, fibroblast, and lymphoid cell lines. Absorption with fresh melanoma and carcinoma homogenates confirmed the results of direct tests. Fetal reactivity of antibody 140.72 was determined by positive absorption with 10 of 11 tissue homogenates derived from different fetuses of 10-16 weeks' gestation. The reactivity of this antibody was completely removed by absorption with a highly purified preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) derived from a colon carcinoma. The antigenic activity was detected in the culture medium of reactive cell lines. Immunoprecipitation analyses of melanoma and carcinoma cells indicated that the antigenic determinant recognized by antibody 140.72 is on a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 95,000-150,000 common to both serologically reactive cell types. Additionally, a 200,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein corresponding to the CEA molecule was detected only on the reactive carcinoma cells. These data confirmed previous findings obtained with polyclonal anti-CEA antisera for the existence of shared CEA-related antigenic determinants on human carcinomas and melanomas and provided additional molecular characterization of these glycoproteins. Further characterization of the molecules bearing the antigenic determinant recognized by antibody 140.72 should be performed with a view to exploring its potential in the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
 ...
PMID:Monoclonal antibody recognizing human melanoma-carcinoma cross-reacting oncofetal antigen epitopically associated with carcinoembryonic antigen. 258 73

Bone marrow autotransplantation involves the administration of very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both, followed by infusion of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. This treatment was used in the past as a salvage therapy for patients with end-stage cancers. Occasional cures in patients with chemotherapy-responsive malignancies encouraged oncologists to utilize this treatment earlier when a better result might be achieved. This has led to a substantial number of long-term disease-free survivors in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, and neuroblastoma. Studies are currently ongoing in the treatment of breast cancer, multiple myeloma, testicular cancer, and ovarian cancer. Important areas for future investigation include the identification of optimal criteria for patient selection and timing of the therapy, the need for infusion of hematopoietic stem cells as cloned hematopoietic growth factors become available, the identification of the most effective high-dose regimens, and the need for "purging" tumor cells from the marrow before re-infusion. Successfully addressing these issues will increasingly require large comparative trials.
 ...
PMID:Bone marrow autotransplantation. 264 72

Hybrid cells obtained by fusion of myeloma PX63-Ag8-653 with immune splenocytes of BALB/c mice were found to produce monoclonal antibodies with a high degree of specificity to rat and human brain. The kinetics of specific IgG binding to purified fractions of glutamate-binding membrane proteins from rat and human brain were analyzed in Scatchard plots. The presence of a single type of binding sites with Kd = 100 nM was demonstrated. The monoclonal antibodies were shown to inhibit the specific binding of tritium-labeled L-glutamate to different brain synaptic membranes. Addition of monoclonal antibodies to the incubation medium induced a modulating effect of physiological responses to L-glutamate in Planorbarius corneus neurons. The possible use of specific antibodies to glutamate-binding proteins as immunochemical markers for the study of glutamate receptor topography on membrane surface was demonstrated with the aid of neuroblastoma cells N18 Tg2a and rat brain tissue slices. An analysis of glutamate receptor binding sites with the use of monoclonal antibodies revealed that these antibodies specifically recognize the active center in the receptor molecules which have identical antigen determinant sites in different biological systems.
 ...
PMID:[Molecular organization of glutamate-sensitive chemo-stimulated nerve cell membranes. Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with glutamate-binding membrane proteins in the rat brain, human neuroblastoma and molluscan neurons]. 289 Mar 81

There is now clear evidence that cells cultured from human and animal tumours can be induced to differentiate in vitro by recognised hormones, regulatory peptides, polar solvents and cytotoxic drugs. Examples can be found from several different types of tumour with the bulk of the data deriving from neuroblastoma and myeloid leukaemia. There is no clear correlation of inducer with cell type, other than some specific peptides like MSH, and agents such as dimethyl sulphoxide and dexamethasone have wide ranging activity. Steroid hormone action may require interaction between different cell types, and the inability of tumours to differentiate in situ may implicate reduced cell-cell interaction, possibly due to degradation of extracellular matrix, or to alteration of the stromal phenotype by tumour-derived factors such as peptides or prostaglandins. When differentiation has been demonstrated, it has been possible, in some cases, to correlate increased differentiation with reduced malignancy by in vitro characterisation or tumorigenicity. Conditions which induce differentiation in rat mammary carcinoma and mouse myeloma also reduce tumour growth in vivo. Clinical trials have not provided any conclusive evidence for a therapeutic benefit so far, but relatively few trials have been carried out. There is clearly a need for further investigation both in vitro and in vivo to select optimal conditions and combinations of agents for clinical evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Induction of differentiation in neoplastic cells. 298 18

Melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is commonly administered orally to treat a wide variety of malignancies, including cancers of the breast and ovary, as well as multiple myeloma. Although commercially available in Europe and Canada, intravenous (IV) melphalan remains investigational in the United States. The role of IV melphalan in cancer chemotherapy is not well defined, despite its manageable toxicity and higher and more predictable blood levels following IV administration compared with oral administration. In addition, unlike oral melphalan, an extensive phase I evaluation of IV melphalan has not been undertaken. At lower doses (eg, 30 to 70 mg/m2), both as a single agent and in combination, the activity of IV melphalan has been evaluated in only a limited number of diseases. However, striking activity has been observed in previously untreated patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, a disease not generally considered responsive to alkylating agents. When administered at high doses (greater than 140 mg/m2) requiring bone marrow reinfusion, melphalan effects a high response rate (but no improvement in survival) in a variety of nonhematologic tumor types, including resistant tumors such as melanoma and colon carcinoma. In contrast, in poor-prognosis patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, or neuroblastoma, high-dose melphalan-containing regimens have yielded both high response rates and improved survival, despite considerable toxicity. Additional clinical trials will be necessary to define the spectrum of activity of lower doses of IV melphalan and to define subgroups of patients most likely to benefit from high-dose melphalan.
 ...
PMID:The systemic administration of intravenous melphalan. 305 5


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>