Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies have established that amyloid fibrils found in different clinical conditions differ in the nature of their constituent proteins. In primary amyloidosis and in amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinaemia the amyloid fibrils are usually largely composed of fragments of immunoglobulin light chains. In secondary amyloidosis, protein AA, a unique protein unrelated to immunoglobulins, is the major component of the fibrils. Other chemical types of amyloid have been described in primary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in senile cardiac amyloidosis. In Papua New Guinea amyloidosis is seen secondary to chronic infections such as leprosy and tuberculosis as well as in patients without an apparent predisposing disease. The amyloid proteins obtained from a representative range of Papua New Guinean patients have been characterised and in all cases examined the amyloid was found to be of the protein AA or secondary type. Current research into the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis centres on the mechanisms whereby protein AA is derived from the presumed precursor molecule, protein SAA, which is a normal acute-phase reactant.
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PMID:Amyloid fibril proteins found in Papua New Guinean and other amyloidoses. 28 87

In an individual sensitized to an antigen, Withdrawal of the corresponding antibody and of the accompanying antigen-antibody complexes stimulates antibody production: the end result is thus not unlike the effect of a booster dose of that antigen. Conversely, a sufficient concentration of antigen-antibody complexes will eventually shut off the antibody production to that antigen. The body is able to regulate through this mechanism the amplitude of the immune response, using the feed-back interaction of antigen-antibody complexes with the immune system. Without such a control system any antigenic stimulation would result in an uncontrolled out-pouring of antibodies, as is observed in myeloma. The regulation of cell mediated immunity is also indirectly affected by the concentration of circulating antigen-antibody complexes. Other mechanisms of immunoregulation are also at work, using the mediation of so-called suppressor cells, identified as sub-populations of T and B cells acting both specifically and non-specifically on immune effectors cells. It is likely that a major factor contributing to the pathogenesis of some persistent chronic infections such as syphilis, brucellosis, chronic viral hepatitis, leprosy, vaccinia, congenital cytomegalovirus infection persisting in childhood, and so on, and in conditions such as cancer, is an inadequate initial production of antibodies, further aggravated by the ensuing immunosuppression brought about by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Antigen-antibody complexes have indeed been identified as playing a prominent role in some of these diseases. It is also suggested that the magnitude of the initial antigenic dose may influence the ensuing immune response: while a large antigen dose could induce a "classic" and efficient immune response, a low antigen dose, such as an incipient neoplasm, could result in a minimal antibody response, further suppressed by the appearance of antigen-antibody complexes. Through this mechanism, a premature failure to eradicate the disease would follow. I suggest that a significant and sudden lowering of the concentration of relevant entibodies and antigen-antibody complexes through exchange plasmapheresis, would trigger a fully adequate and therapeutic immune response. This possibility is discussed.
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PMID:On the potential usefulness of exchange plasmapheresis in the immunotherapy of cancer and of some chronic persistent infections. 96 65

A series of hybridoma cell lines, which secrete monoclonal antibodies (McAbs), were produced by means of fusion between mouse myeloma cells SP2/O and spleen cells from BALB/C mice immunized with whole M. leprae plus unique phenolic glycolipid I(PGL-I) of M. leprae and M. leprae sonicates supernatant fluid (MLSS) as immunogen. Primary identification indicated that H2 cell line can secrete McAb against the epitope of PGL-I; IIIE10 cell line can secrete McAb against PGL-I and MLSS and (5) 24 D6C8 cell line only against whole M. leprae. The uses of these McAbs in serodiagnosis of leprosy, identification of M. leprae, analysis and purification of M. leprae antigens, and key problems in technology for producing McAbs against M. leprae were also discussed.
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PMID:[Production of monoclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae]. 133 9

Interferons are currently the most widely used biological response modifiers. They are of high clinical value in haematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma), in solid tumours (malignant melanoma, hypernephroma, pancreas neoplasms, carcinoid tumours, Kaposi's sarcoma, glioma, in ovarium, cervix and bladder carcinoma, and in basalioma) and in infectious diseases (chronic hepatitis B, chronic non-A/non-B hepatitis, chronic delta hepatitis, AIDS, Papova virus and Rhinovirus infections, leishmaniasis, leprosy) and some other conditions. Although the mechanism of action of interferons has not been explained in every detail these agents are promising therapeutic means in a number of diseases.
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PMID:Role of interferon in clinical practice. 172 32

Seventy-two cases of multibacillary leprosy were investigated for cytomorphological changes and presence of lepra bacilli in bone marrow. These patients were divided in two groups. Group A (28) comprised of new cases and group B (44) of those receiving treatment. Myeloid hyperplasia was mostly seen in patients of group B who had erythema nodosum leprosum. Megaloblastic change in erythroblasts was seen frequently in both the groups. While average number of plasma cells and macrophages was on the higher side of normal range, detection of large number of plasma cells underlined enhanced humoral response and created diagnostic problem with multiple myeloma. Morphological changes in the macrophages, their collections and epithelioid cell granulomas were observed in bone marrow. Their nature and significance is discussed.
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PMID:Bone marrow cyto-morphological changes in multibacillary leprosy. 226 17

Mixed agglutination (MA) test with sediments of guinea pig kidney (GPK) homogenates and indicator red blood cells of bovine (BRBC) or sheep (SRBC) origin was established for detection of human heterophile antibodies. By means of MA test with BRBC indicator cells, heterophile antibodies of Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) specificity were demonstrated in sera of patients with syphilis (20%), lepromatous leprosy (57%), infectious mononucleosis (45%), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (73%), Kawasaki disease (58%), multiple sclerosis (58%), and leukemias (13%), as well as in sera of subjects who received injections of foreign species sera (20%). Some but not all BRBC-positive sera gave positive MA tests when SRBC were employed as indicator cells. None of 13 multiple myeloma sera tested gave positive results. The incidence of positive reactions in normal human sera was 3%. Neutralization of H-D antibodies in representative pathologic sera by purified heterophile antigens showed that the antibodies under investigation were mostly directed against antigen(s) of high molecular weight glycoprotein, but not N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (NGNA) ganglioside fraction of BRBC.
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PMID:Mixed agglutination with guinea pig tissue sediments for detection of heterophile antibodies. 643 28

Two hundred and thirty-three patients with renal amyloidosis were studied in an attempt to identify the incidence and pattern of the disease in northern India. The incidence of amyloidosis was 1.01% of 6431 post-mortems and 8.4% of 1980 renal biopsies from patients who presented with clinical evidence of glomerular disease. Two hundred and three patients (87.1%) had secondary amyloidosis, 22 (9.4%) had primary amyloid and 8 patients (3.5%) had amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Tuberculosis of various organs was the commonest predisposing disease accounting for 59.1% of secondary amyloidosis, followed by chronic suppurative lung disease in 24.1%. Rheumatoid arthritis, chronic osteomyelitis and lepromatous leprosy were seen in a small percentage of patients (2 to 8%). Proteinuria of varying degree was present in all the 233 patients and 12.9% of them had a daily protein excretion of more than 10 g. Post-mortem examination of 65 patients with renal amyloidosis showed that 75.3% also had amyloid deposit in the spleen, 63% in the liver, and 50.8% in the adrenals. Clinical evidence of disappearance of proteinuria was observed in 3 patients with secondary amyloidosis; in 2 of them, the regression of amyloidosis was confirmed by serial renal biopsy performed 3 and 5 years after the initial diagnosis.
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PMID:Pattern of renal amyloidosis in Indian patients. 727 20

Hybridoma (4C4) secreting monoclone anti-idiotype antibody (McAb2) against anti-phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) antibody (Ab1) was produced by fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of syngeneic mice which had been previously tolerant to human IgM 4C4 monoclone anti-idiotype antibody was identified with a series of experiments including competitive and neutralizing inhibition ELISA. It was found that the binding of McAb2 with rabbit anti-PGL-I antibody could be competitively inhibited by NT-O-BSA (synthetic analog of PGL-I) and neutralized by polyclonal anti-PGL-I antibody derived from various origins (human or rabbit); McAb2 could block the binding of purified human Ab1 with NT-O-BSA. The assay of McAb2 as mimic antigen demonstrated that McAb2 could substitute for NT-O-BSA in leprosy serodiagnosis. These results show that anti-idiotype antibody produced by 4C4 is a monoclone anti-idiotype antibody bearing internal image of PGL-I and possibly can be used in leprosy serodiagnosis.
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PMID:[Production and identification of monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies against anti-phenolic glycolipid-I antibody of Mycobacterium leprae]. 828 91

A total of 734 serum specimens from various clinical disorders along with 100 control samples from healthy subjects were processed for estimation of serum IgG, IgA and IgM employing single radial immunodiffusion procedure. Immunoglobulin deficiency, either selective or combined was noted in 31 males and 24 females in all age groups. Of the 55 cases encountered it was secondary immunoglobulin deficiency which was seen on a larger scale and encountered in patients with Multiple myeloma (16 out of 32) followed by Leprosy (14 out of 250), Lymphoma (5 out of 43), Malaria (4 out of 137), Burns (4 out of 52), Rheumatoid arthritis (2 out of 69) and non lymphoreticular malignancies (1 out of 41) in decreasing order of frequency. Primary immunoglobulin deficiency was observed in nine cases comprising of six belonging to Idiopathic late onset immunoglobulin deficiency, two of dysgammaglobulineamia and a solitary case of Ataxia telangiectasia. Panimmunoglobulin deficiency was observed in six cases, 11 had a dual deficiency while 38 showed deficiency of an isolated class with selective IgA deficiency in 20 cases. Furthermore, one patient each had total absence of IgG or IgA while IgM was not detectable in seven patients. A high suspicion index along with a regular rapport between the clinician and the laboratory personnel is necessary in the diagnostic set up of immunoglobulin deficiency states.
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PMID:Analysis of immunoglobulin deficiency cases: a five year study. 935 99

Purified phenolic glycolipid (PGL-1) from Mycobacterium leprae was used to detect IgG antibodies against PGL-1 in leprosy patients in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 698 sera were screened; they came from patients suffering from leprosy, autoimmune disease, myeloma, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Cases with miscellaneous diseases and persons undergoing AIDS screening were also included. Sera from lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy patients gave positivity rates of 60.5% and 41.7%, respectively. In non-leprosy cases, the PGL-1 ELISA showed an overall positivity rate of 6.9%; this was greatest in patients with tuberculosis (43.8%) followed by autoimmune diseases (40.9%) and miscellaneous cases including liver diseases (37.9%). This study emphasizes that PGL-1 ELISA has a low predictive value for diagnosis of active infection by Mycobacterium leprae. Positive reactions in a significant percentage of patients with autoimmune disease are intriguing and need indepth study.
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PMID:High incidence of IgG antibodies to phenolic glycolipid in non-leprosy patients in India. 960 81


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