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Query: UMLS:C0026764 (multiple myeloma)
 36,148 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasing effort has been devoted to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying decision making during risk, yet little is known about the effect of voluntary choice on risk taking. The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), in which subjects inflate a virtual balloon that can either grow larger or explode [Lejuez, C.W., Read, J.P., Kahler, C.W., Richards, J.B., Ramsey, S.E., Stuart, G.L., Strong, D.R., Brown, R.A., 2002. Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: the Balloon Analogue Risk Task BART. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 8, 75-84.], provides an ecologically valid model to assess human risk taking propensity and behaviour. In the present study, we modified this task for use during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and administered it in both an active choice mode and a passive no-choice mode in order to examine the neural correlates of voluntary and involuntary risk taking in the human brain. Voluntary risk in the active choice task is associated with robust activation in mesolimbic-frontal regions, including the midbrain, ventral and dorsal striatum, anterior insula, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex (ACC/MFC), in addition to activation in visual pathway regions. However, these mesolimbic-frontal activation patterns were not observed for involuntary risk in the passive no-choice task. Decision making was associated with neural activity in the right DLPFC. These findings demonstrate the utility of the modified BART paradigms for using during fMRI to assess risk taking in the human brain, and suggest that recruitment of the brain mesolimbic-frontal pathway during risk-taking is contingent upon the agency of the risk taker. The present paradigm may be extended to pathological populations to determine the specific neural components of their impaired risk behavior.
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PMID:Neural correlates of voluntary and involuntary risk taking in the human brain: an fMRI Study of the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). 1858 78

Although previous studies have shown that the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART; [Lejuez, C.W., Read, J.P., Kahler, C.W., Richards, J.B., Ramsey, S.E., Stuart, G.L., et al. (2002). Evaluation of a Behavioral Measure of Risk Taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Test (BART). J Exp Psychol, Appl, 8, 75-84.; Lejuez, C., Aklin, W., Jones, H., Richards, J., Strong, D., Kahler, C.W., et al. (2003a). The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) Differentiates Smokers and Nonsmokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 11, 26-33.; Lejuez, C., Aklin, W., Zvolensky, M., & Pedulla, C. (2003b). Evaluation of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) as a Predictor of Adolescent Real-world Risk-taking Behaviors. J Adolesc, 26, 475-479.]) can be used to index real-world risk-taking behavior, questions remain regarding how performance on the task may vary as a function of reward/loss value and how this relationship may differ as a function of relevant personality traits. The present study examined BART score at 1, 5, and 25 cents per pump and how this relationship differed at low and high levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking. Results indicated that riskiness on the BART decreased as reward/loss magnitude increased. Further, this decrease was most prominent in those low in Impulsivity/Sensation Seeking, whereas those high in Impulsivity/Sensation Seeking were largely insensitive to variation in reward/loss magnitude. Findings are discussed in terms of sensitivity to reward and loss, and how these processes can be studied further using the BART including extensions to cognitive modeling and the measurement of neurobehavioral functioning.
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PMID:Risk taking differences on a behavioral task as a function of potential reward/loss magnitude and individual differences in impulsivity and sensation seeking. 1904 86

Factor X deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder that can be associated with life-threatening bleeding events. Factor X deficiency can either be inherited or acquired. Acquired cases of factor X deficiency can be seen in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias as well as amyloidosis. Coagulopathy, with clinically relevant bleeding events, although rare, is not an unusual phenomenon for patients with systemic amyloidosis. However, clinically relevant bleeding in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma, without associated amyloidosis, has not been reported in literature before. We present a rare case of multiple myeloma without concomitant amyloidosis that presented with life-threatening bleeding from acquired deficiency of factor X and responded remarkably to treatment for underlying multiple myeloma. This case not only highlights the diagnostic workup required in patients with factor X deficiency but also provides the principles of management of acquired coagulopathy in plasma cell dyscrasias.
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PMID:Acquired factor X deficiency in a patient with multiple myeloma: a rare case highlighting the significance of comprehensive evaluation and the need for antimyeloma therapy for bleeding diathesis. 3152 6