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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the past two decades psychopharmacologists have made considerable strides in establishing the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drug therapy for childhood behavior disorders. Most of the research has focused on children with disruptive behavior disorders, autism, or mental retardation, but more recently other disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, separation anxiety (school refusal), and Tourette syndrome are also receiving attention. Psychopharmacotherapy has often been a matter of controversy, with most issues pertaining to either the appropriateness of medication (e.g., rationales for treatment, alternative interventions, toxicity, iatrogenic effects) or inadequacies of clinical management (e.g., availability of services, drug assessment procedures, limitations of research). This article presents a brief overview of the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drugs and the issues associated with their use in clinical settings.
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PMID:Clinical issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 177 69

The prevalence of mental retardation related to chromosomal abnormalities, including fragile X syndrome, was studied among 2735 males aged between five and 20 years living in the Republic of San Marino. Five cases of chromosomal abnormalities were found, including one case with fragile X syndrome, with partial epilepsy and a CT scan showing a large arachnoid cyst in the posterior fossa. The prevalence of mental retardation due to chromosomal abnormality was 1.83 per 1000, and that due to fragile X syndrome was 0.37 per 1000. Although these findings relate to only a small population, they are the first from a Mediterranean area.
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PMID:Prevalence of mental retardation related to fragile X syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities in the Republic of San Marino. 297 82

We studied clinical and EEG features of 36 cases with congenital malformations of the CNS. Patients were followed at the outpatient clinic of Hospital Cayetano Heredia and of Hogar Clinica San Juan de Dios in Lima-Peru, from January 1984 to June 1992. Eighty percent of the patients had convulsive syndromes and mental retardation. The most frequent malformation was agenesis of corpus callosum, and it was not possible to find a "typical" EEG pattern. The second were porencephalic cysts, with a good clinical-EEG correlation. There were two typical cases of schizencephaly, one of hemimegalencephaly with good prognosis, and one of holoprosencephaly. The results are compared to those obtained for a series we previously reported. Data discussed take into account reports on the subject registered in the literature. It is concluded that EEG is an useful method to evaluate possible CNS malformations in developing countries.
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PMID:Electroencephalography in congenital malformations of the central nervous system. 761 45

Rec8 syndrome (also known as "recombinant 8 syndrome" and "San Luis Valley syndrome") is a chromosomal disorder found in individuals of Hispanic descent with ancestry from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Affected individuals typically have mental retardation, congenital heart defects, seizures, a characteristic facial appearance, and other manifestations. The recombinant chromosome is rec(8)dup(8q)inv(8)(p23.1q22.1), and is derived from a parental pericentric inversion, inv(8)(p23.1q22.1). Here we report on the cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the 8p23.1 and 8q22 breakpoints from the inversion 8 chromosome associated with Rec8 syndrome. Analysis of the breakpoint regions indicates that they are highly repetitive. Of 6 kb surrounding the 8p23.1 breakpoint, 75% consists of repetitive gene family members-including Alu, LINE, and LTR elements-and the inversion took place in a small single-copy region flanked by repetitive elements. Analysis of 3.7 kb surrounding the 8q22 breakpoint region reveals that it is 99% repetitive and contains multiple LTR elements, and that the 8q inversion site is within one of the LTR elements.
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PMID:Cloning, sequencing, and analysis of inv8 chromosome breakpoints associated with recombinant 8 syndrome. 1071 24

To examine the behavioral and emotional difficulties of 73 children and adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), mental retardation-only, and dual diagnosis (i.e., mental retardation and psychiatrically disordered) on the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD: Naglieri, LeBuffe, & Pfeiffer, Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD) San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp 1994). Multivariate analyses and "Italic">d-ratios were computed to assess the statistical and clinically meaningful differences between pairs of samples. The PWS sample exhibited statistically significant higher levels of psychopathology than the mentally-retarded-only sample on the Total, Externalizing, Internalizing, Attention/Delinquency, Conduct, Anxiety, and Acute Problems Scales. When compared to the dually-diagnosed sample, children with PWS Syndrome had comparable levels of psychopathology, but lower levels of depression. Results revealed that PWS represents a highly unique and complex psychological disorder with multiple areas of disturbances.
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PMID:Behavioral and emotional symptoms of children and adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome. 1694 Dec 27

Polycythemia associated with acromegaly is usually caused by the systemic manifestations of the disease, such as sleep-apnea or concomitant erythropoietin-secreting kidney tumors. The recognition of underlying pathologies requires a thorough diagnostic process. We report a unique case of acromegaly with polycythemia, not caused by commonly described manifestations of the disease, and receding with octreotide therapy. The medical history of 141 acromegalic patients followed by the Endocrinology Unit of the San Martino University Hospital in Genoa has been also reviewed, together with the literature evidence for similar cases. The diagnostic workflow and 2-years follow-up of a 43-years old acromegalic, polycythemic man with a history of past smoking, moderate hypertension, and mental retardation are described. The hematological parameters of our cohort was retrospectively compared with those of a healthy, age/gender-related control group as well. Therapy with octreotide LAR, 20 mg i.m. q28d was begun soon after diagnosis of acromegaly in the polycythemic patient. Haematocrit level, hormonal setting, as well as pituitary tumor size and visual perimetry during treatment were recorded. Octreotide LAR treatment normalized hormonal alterations, as well as hematological parameters. Polycythemia has not recurred after 2 years of therapy. The median hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the retrospectively analyzed cohort of acromegalic were significantly lower than normal ranges of a healthy, age/sex- related control population. In conclusions, polycythemia can be a direct, albeit rare, secondary manifestation of acromegaly, that must be considered during the diagnostic work-up of acromegalic patients presenting with such disorder.
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PMID:Polycythemia as rare secondary direct manifestation of acromegaly: management and single-centre epidemiological data. 2150 87

Objective: Body mass index undergoes a substantial change in some psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to explore the status of body mass index (BMI) in different psychiatric disorders in a national survey among children and adolescents and to identify the role of gender in this regard. Method : A total of 30 532 children and adolescents were randomly selected using cluster sampling method with equal blocks of three age groups and two genders. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using a standardized face-to-face diagnostic interview of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL), and Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured for each participant. Results: In this study, 22 730 children and adolescents (109 46 boys and 11784 girls), with valid data of BMI, completed the KSADS-PL interview. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 21.2% among underweight participants, 22.8% among overweight participants, and 22.2% among obese participants, which was significantly higher than normal weight participants with 19.6% (X2 = 17.55; p = 0.001). In boys' subgroup, depression and separation anxiety were mostly seen among the underweight category, while tic disorder was mostly seen in the obese category. In girls' subgroup, on the other hand, generalized anxiety was mostly observed in the underweight category, while oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), depression, and mental retardation were mostly observed in the obese category. In total, the highest mean BMI rates were among the children and adolescents with alcohol abuse disorder, mania, and panic disorder. However, the lowest BMI rates were among those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and enuresis. Conclusion: This study gives an overall picture of BMI status in different psychiatric disorders according to gender. Furthermore, in a multidisciplinary approach, the results of this study drew the attention of child psychiatrists to the status of BMI in their clients.
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PMID:Body Mass Index Status across Different Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey amongst Children and Adolescents: To Identify the Role of Gender. 3207 98