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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The frequency and clinical presentation of autism in 28 probands with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are reported and risk factors that may influence the development of autism in TSC are examined. Eight probands meet ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism, an additional 4 meet criteria for pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Twelve TSC probands with autism/PDD are compared to 16 TSC probands without these conditions for factors which may underlie the association of autism and TSC. A specific seizure type, infantile spasms, as well as mental retardation, are increased in the TSC, autistic/PDD group. Furthermore, rates of social phobia and substance abuse are elevated among first-degree relatives of TSC probands with autism compared to first-degree relatives of TSC probands without autism. Implications of these findings in understanding the association of autism and TSC are discussed.
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PMID:Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. 958 71

Recent studies of the prevalence of autism have suggested higher estimates than previously described. Various diagnostic criteria for autism and related disorders have been applied, with variability in case finding methodology and characteristics of populations as well. In this study, maternal and child health clinics covering 98% of the population were used for screening pervasive developmental disorders. Extensive medical investigation was carried out on the majority of cases. In this Norwegian population of children ages 3-14 years the minimum prevalence estimate for childhood autism was 4-5 per 10,000 using ICD-10 research criteria, and did not confirm the high estimates suggested more recently. Medical disorders identified were associated with mental retardation rather than specifically with autism.
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PMID:Autism and related disorders: epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. 965 33

Present study was carried out at child guidance clinic of Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi. Sample consisted of 300 children (175 boys and 125 girls of aged 2-12 years) from November, 1994 to October, 1996. Diagnoses were made by using ICD-10 criteria. The major diagnoses were mental retardation (20.6%), epilepsy (20%), hysterical conversion reaction (6.3%), ADHD (5%) and childhood depression (6%).
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PMID:Prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity in children. 1032 95

Making a diagnosis of dementia, particularly in its early stages, in a person with intellectual disability can be difficult Some neuropsychological tests which were originally devised for the diagnosis of dementia in the non-intellectually disabled population have been modified for use in people with intellectual disability. Observer-rated scales have also been used for making a diagnosis of dementia in people with intellectual disability. Within the context of a genetic study, the rates of diagnosis of dementia according to different criteria, namely the clinician's diagnosis (ICD-10), the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR), the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), were compared among 62 adults with Down's syndrome (26 demented and 36 non-demented adults according to the clinician's diagnosis). A comparison between the clinician's diagnosis and the diagnosis according to DMR criteria showed specificity and sensitivity at the 0.92 level for both categories. Similarly, a comparison between the clinician's diagnosis and the diagnosis according to the DSDS criteria showed a specificity of 0.89 and a sensitivity of 0.85. A good positive correlation was also shown between the scores of the DSDS and the DMR (Pearson's r = +0.868, P < 0.001). A similar positive correlation was found between the overall DSDS score and the scores in the main subcategories of the DMR. An MMSE could be performed in only 34 (55%) out of the 62 subjects with Down's syndrome. Out of the 30 subjects who had an MMSE score of less than 24 (the usual cut-off for the diagnosis of possible dementia), 23 (77%) did not have a diagnosis of dementia according to any criteria. It seems that the observer-rated scales, rather than the direct neuropsychological tests, are more useful for the diagnosis of dementia in people with an intellectual disability.
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PMID:Comparison of rating scales for the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down's syndrome. 1054 64

In acknowledgement of the challenges posed by the diagnosis of mental disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID), the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently published a multi-axial guide to assist clinicians in applying the ICD-10 to this group of people. The WHO has invited users to review of the ICD-10 Guide for Mental Retardation. In order to review its usefulness in clinical practice, the present authors used the Guide together with the ICD-10 in the psychiatric assessment of 106 young people with ID, and emotional and behavioural problems of varying severity. Strengths and weaknesses in the utility of the Guide were noted. As a result of the clinical audit process, the present authors identified a number of inconsistencies, significant gaps and assertions unsupported by the available literature in the Guide. They also noted aspects of the ICD-10 itself which are problematic when applied to people with ID. Despite these limitations, the Guide is a valuable first attempt to establish a standardized structure for multi-axial diagnosis in this population. A number of suggestions for major changes and refinements to future editions are made, and a strategy for development of research to establish validity and reliability is proposed.
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PMID:Observations on the use of the ICD-10 guide for mental retardation. 1054 65

The main purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation (MR) (IQ < or = 70). All children born between 1980 and 1985 (N=30037) in Akershus County, Norway, were screened for possible MR and assessed with either IQ tests or standardized developmental tests. A total of 178 children, 79 with severe mental retardation (SMR) (IQ<50) and 99 with mild mental retardation (MMR) (IQ 50 to 70) were included for further study. Psychiatric symptomatology was assessed as a standard part of the neurodevelopmental examination, which included a semistructured parent interview, a clinical child interview, and retrieval of the charts of previous child psychiatric examinations. Psychiatric diagnoses were classified according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10). In total, 65 (37%) of the total population with MR (95% confidence intervals 29 to 44) were registered to have psychiatric diagnoses, the most common being hyperkinesia (n=28) and pervasive developmental disorder (n=15). Psychiatric diagnoses were present in 42% of the population with SMR and 33% of the population with MMR (p=0.4). Of all children found to have a psychiatric diagnosis, approximately one-third had previously been examined by a child psychiatrist and indicated a previously unrecognized need for these services to children with MR.
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PMID:Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: data from a population-based study. 1079 66

The present study was designed to monitor the use of atypical antipsychotics in adults with intellectual disability and to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of these drugs. Twenty-one patients were commenced on an atypical antipsychotic: 12 on Olanzapine and nine on Risperidone. The ICD-10 diagnoses of the subjects were mild (13 cases) or moderate (8 cases) mental retardation, and psychiatric disorders (17 cases) with significant impairment of behaviour in 10 cases. Tolerability was good for 15 patients experiencing minimum or no side-effects, and medication was only stopped as a result of side-effects in one case. Clinical global outcome was rated as minimally improved or better for 16 cases. The present findings suggest that the atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine and Risperidone are well tolerated by patients with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders, and are broadly effective against target symptoms.
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PMID:Use of the atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine and Risperidone in adults with intellectual disability. 1089 80

This is a review of pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with mental retardation from the perspective of DSM and ICD disorders. The existing research is reviewed in young people with mental retardation but, when data are lacking, we examined the literature from adults with mental retardation and from typically-developing children. The literature is discussed for each of the following disorders: ADHD, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, depression, enuresis, schizophrenia, self injury, and tics and movement disorders. With the possible exception of ADHD, there is a woeful lack of empirical data on most of these disorders in young people with mental retardation. Clinicians will often be forced to extrapolate from data on adults having mental retardation and from typically-developing children. The best policy is probably to treat such patients cautiously, while gathering data on the effects of such therapy in the hopes of beginning a data base.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy of disorders in mental retardation. 1114 Jul 85

Infant psychiatry is a discipline concerned with diagnostic assessment, treatment, and prevention of mental health problems in infancy and early childhood. A new diagnostic framework: Zero to three (DC 0-3) has been designed to complement the ICD 10/DSM IV, including new diagnostic categories, and a multiaxial construct addressing developmental and relational aspects. Prevalence and outcome for mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders are well known. Our knowledge of variations in attachment patterns, disorders of neurophysiological regulation, eating disorders, failure to thrive, emotional, affective, and behavioural problems, disorders of relating and communication, and eventually parent-child relationship disorders is still incomplete. It is recommended to use video and combine clinical evaluation with structured tests in assessment. Intervention may include guidance, psychoeducation, psychotherapy, as well as social and educational support. Parent-child relationship treatment seems effective. Evaluating intervention and treatment raises immense methodological problems. Future research should address how risk and resilience interacts in the psychopathological process and enhance our knowledge of effective intervention strategies.
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PMID:[Infant psychiatry]. 1124 72

The paper provides clinical and catamnestic descriptions of 240 children with infantile autism; 160 with atypical autism (of them 100 had schizophrenic attacks, 60 presented with mental retardation concurrent with atypical autism (in phenylketonuria, tuberose sclerosis, Down syndrome, Martin-Bell syndrome), 20 with Asperger's syndrome, 60 with Rett's syndrome, 20 with psychogenic paraautism according the Nissen classification. The similarity of autism-like disorders and atypical autism was considered. Syndromal verifications in accordance with ICD-10 (1994) and ICD-10 (1999) in Russian versions and clinical nosological verifications adopted in Russia were studied in all the examinees. New approaches to treating patients with autistic disorders were developed.
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PMID:[Current approaches to the problem of autism in childhood]. 1152 31


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