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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the past two decades psychopharmacologists have made considerable strides in establishing the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drug therapy for childhood behavior disorders. Most of the research has focused on children with disruptive behavior disorders, autism, or mental retardation, but more recently other disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, separation anxiety (school refusal), and Tourette syndrome are also receiving attention. Psychopharmacotherapy has often been a matter of controversy, with most issues pertaining to either the appropriateness of medication (e.g., rationales for treatment, alternative interventions, toxicity, iatrogenic effects) or inadequacies of clinical management (e.g., availability of services, drug assessment procedures, limitations of research). This article presents a brief overview of the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drugs and the issues associated with their use in clinical settings.
J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Dec
PMID:Clinical issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 177 69

Results of a survey of state departments of public instruction regarding eligibility criteria for the identification of children with mental retardation were reported and compared to those obtained in a review of state guidelines in 1981-1982 and 1985-1986. Results indicated that states continue to vary widely in their definitions and procedures for identifying children with mental retardation. However, over the 9 years covered by the study, more and more states mentioned or specified each of the following types of assessments: IQ, adaptive behavior, and academic achievement.
Ment Retard 1991 Dec
PMID:States' definitions and procedures for identifying children with mental retardation: comparison over nine years. 177 72

Psychological test obstacles to gaining the acceptance of a diagnosis of mental retardation in criminal defendants was described, and the use of the Revised Beta intelligence test with defendants who may be retarded was questioned. A possible modification of the adaptive behavior criterion for criminal defendants was suggested, and some thoughts on the appropriateness of the death penalty for persons with mental retardation were offered.
Ment Retard 1991 Dec
PMID:Establishing mental retardation in capital cases: a potential matter of life and death. 177 75

Trends in classification usage were analyzed through examination of all issues of Mental Retardation, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, and American Journal on Mental Retardation from 1980 through 1989. The research was undertaken to determine whether the recommendations by Taylor (1980) and MacMillan, Meyers, and Morrison (1980) regarding subject description had been implemented. Results indicated that the system of the American Association on Mental Retardation (previously the American Association on Mental Deficiency) was used in over 50% of the articles, whereas the American Educators system was used in only 10%. A further analysis regarding the use of various classification systems as a function of the age of the subjects was also conducted. Implications of these results were discussed.
Ment Retard 1991 Dec
PMID:Trends in classification usage in the mental retardation literature. 177 79

An infant with short stature and progressive skin lesions of cheeks and dorsum of the hands is described. Further problems such as recurrent diarrhoea and respiratory infections suggested zinc-deficiency, malabsorption-syndrome, Bloom syndrome and early Lupus Erythematosus respectively. Finally Rothmund-Thomson syndrome was diagnosed. This rare genetic disorder is characterized by variable expression of typical cutaneous changes, cataracts, skeletal anomalies, short stature, abnormal hair growth and defective nails and teeth, mental retardation, hypogonadism and a typical facial appearance.
Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 1991 Dec
PMID:[An infant with short stature and red cheeks (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome)]. 177 48

We have studied 2 Egyptian sibs (the offspring of normal first cousins) with congenital cataract, hypertrichosis, mental retardation, and normal chromosomes. Review showed that the condition of our patients was not similar to any previously reported entity. POSSUM lists 84 syndromes with any of the above 3 main traits. Two disorders with cataract and mental retardation, Martsolf syndrome and Mollica-Pavone-Anterer syndrome, have overlapping manifestations and therefore are particularly differentiated from our cases. We suggest that the association of congenital cataract, hypertrichosis, and mental retardation observed in this report represents a new autosomal recessive syndrome.
Am J Med Genet 1991 Dec 15
PMID:Cataract, hypertrichosis, and mental retardation (CAHMR): a new autosomal recessive syndrome. 177 32

We described a 15-year-old boy with Gardner syndrome (GS), mental retardation, and craniofacial abnormalities. High-resolution banding analysis showed an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 (q22.1----q31.1). The breakpoints in the present case and in 3 previously reported 5q- patients with adenomatous polyposis coli suggest that the gene responsible for GS/or familial polyposis coli (FPC) is in the 5q22 region, a result consistent with the findings of linkage studies.
Am J Med Genet 1991 Dec 15
PMID:Gardner syndrome in a boy with interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5. 177 38

Examined the effects of two instructional methods on language generalization and long-term retention in 23 adults with autism and severe to profound mental retardation. Analog language teaching employed discrete trials in a controlled setting concentrating on discrimination and identification of materials. Natural language teaching emphasized instruction through interactions that occurred incidentally to training students in the use of materials to perform functional tasks. Assessments were conducted under conditions favoring analog teaching to assure against partiality toward natural language teaching. Under such disadvantageous conditions, the methods of natural language teaching would be supported by results showing either no difference or an advantage in their favor. Both techniques increased initial and long-term generalization though the results suggest no relative superiority for either method under these assessment conditions. A significant interaction was found between prior functioning level and sequence of instruction. Because natural language teaching has many strengths, few drawbacks, and produces equal generalization and retention under disadvantageous conditions, it is strongly supported as preferable for people with autism and mental retardation.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Analog language teaching versus natural language teaching: generalization and retention of language learning for adults with autism and mental retardation. 177 59

Examined the changing profiles of intelligence in males with fragile X syndrome as these individuals increased in chronological age. Using a psychometric instrument designed to measure styles of information processing, 21 males aged 4 to 27 years were examined cross-sectionally in sequential processing, simultaneous processing, and achievement. The age of the subject was associated with age-equivalent levels of both simultaneous processing and achievement, but fragile X males did not show higher levels of sequential processing with increasing chronological age. Compared to younger fragile X males, the older subjects were more delayed in sequential processing skills relative to their in other areas. A smaller longitudinal study confirmed the presence of a plateau in sequential processing among those subjects tested two times after the age of 10 years. Implications are discussed for diagnosis, intervention, and the matching of subject groups in mental retardation research.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Changing patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses in males with fragile X syndrome. 177 63

A new, Swedish case with Tay or IBIDS syndrome is presented. The boy had growth and mental retardation, congenital ichthyosis and brittle hair. He was the only child in an uncle-niece marriage. The boy suffered recurrent infections and died at the age of 3 years from pneumonia. Clinical data on 15 cases are presented from a study of the literature.
Acta Paediatr Scand 1991 Dec
PMID:Tay or IBIDS syndrome. A case with growth and mental retardation, congenital ichthyosis and brittle hair. 178 99


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