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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Morbidity and mortality patterns were examined among 968 pediatric patients on the island of Dominica. These children, whose ages ranged from newborn to 13 years, were seen by the consulting pediatrician at Princess Margaret Hospital during a 9-month period in 1978-79; 852 children were seen as inpatients. A total of 477 cases of infectious disease were diagnosed among inpatients alone. Stool examination in a subsample of these children revealed parasites (mostly Trichuris) in roughly half. Also found was a relatively high prevalence of chronic health problems, especially rheumatic heart disease (34 cases), mental retardation (28 cases), epilepsy (31 cases), and sickle cell anemia (21 cases). Examination of the hospital records of 100 of the inpatients ages 6 months-5 years demonstrated that 34% were low weight-for-age according to the World Health Organization classification. There were 34 deaths (9 pediatric patients and 255 newborns). The high neonatal mortality is attributed to an unusually high incidence of immaturity and prematurity, irregular and insufficient hospital oxygen supply, and a septicemia epidemic. Although these findings reflect patterns of the more serious diseases, they could be useful in planning preventive health measures. The high prevalence of malnutrition points to a need for nutrition education, promotion of breastfeeding, promotion of vegetable growing, and the introduction of a home-based growth chart. The high incidence of diarrhea, typhoid fever, and helminthiases highlights problems with general hygiene, latrines, and water supply. There is also a need for follow-up facilities for children with rheumatic heart disease, epilepsy, and sickle cell anemia. It is suggested that hospital care could be improved by dividing pediatric and neonatology wards into 5 units: isolation ward, malnutrition ward, semi-intensive care unit, general pediatrics, and pediatric surgery.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality patterns among pediatric patients in Dominica (West Indies). 662 10

The anaesthetic management of a 5-month-old Chinese infant with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome requiring bilateral inguinal hernia repairs is described. This is a rare congenital syndrome characterised by mental retardation, broad thumbs and first toes, craniofacial abnormalities, recurrent respiratory infections and, in one third of cases, congenital heart disease. General anaesthesia combined with caudal block was successfully used. The main complications encountered were minor difficulties with intubation and easily precipitated episodes of oxygen desaturation.
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PMID:Anaesthesia in an infant with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. 770 43

In this study, three patients with spastic diplegia were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), using the steady state technique with 15O. Two of them had untractable seizures and mental retardation. On MRI the cortical structures were normal; increased T2 signals in the periventricular white matter in the second patient were the main findings. PET scan showed in the two patients with a seizure disorder and mental retardation a large left cortical area of decreased regional blood flow and oxygen consumption during the interictal phase. The third patient without epileptic spells had a normal PET scan examination. It is concluded that the epileptic disorder in two of our cases is due to an additional cortical lesion, while the spastic diplegia is caused by subcortical white matter destruction.
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PMID:Positron emission tomography in spastic diplegia. 778 69

First, we longitudinally analyzed 177 cerebral-palsied children (CP) who were born in Kyoto City between 1977 and 1985. They were all visited St. Joseph Hospital for Crippled Children in Kyoto during the period 1977 to 1991 in order to investigate the relationship between the prognosis of perinatal care and the changing panorama of CP in Kyoto. The average occurrence rate of CP per 1,000 live birth during the 9 years in Kyoto was 1.12. 177 CP were divided into 3 groups according to their birth years: 1977-1979 (47 CP); 1980-1982 (62 CP); and 1983-1985 (68 CP). Then we compared the distribution of birthweights and gestational periods among the 3 groups. We found a significant increasing trend in the percentage of CP in babies with birthweight less than 2,000 g. Second, we examined 162 CP; 15 born outside of Kyoto were excluded because of extraneous influences of perinatal care. 162 were divided into 3 groups according to their birth years: 1977-1979 (44); 1980-1982 (56); and 1983-1985 (62). We also compared the risk factors and prognosis according to the birthweights and gestational ages among the 3 groups. This study revealed a decreasing trend in the frequency of convulsions of full term CP, dyspnea and oxygen administration of premature CP in the neonatal period. At the same time, the motor development of CP without mental retardation had improved significantly in the later period. However, in the last 3 years the distribution of the severity of motor disturbance at 4 years of age among CP with birthweight of 1,000-2,000 g was either mild or severe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A study of children with cerebral palsy who were born between 1977 and 1985 in Kyoto City; a report from an institution for handicapped children]. 780 81

Effects of a 10-week aerobic exercise program on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen pulse (O2 pulse), maximum ventilation (max vent), exercise stress test duration (max time), flexibility, weight and body composition (percentage body fat, percentage lean mass, and percentage body water) were investigated in 14 community-based adults with mental retardation. Supervised optional training sessions were held 4 days per week. Subjects were assessed for VO2 max, O2 pulse, max vent, and max time before and after the training program. Flexibility, weight, and body composition changes were assessed before, midway through, and after the training program. Subjects had a 91.3% attendance rate, and all safely completed the program. The treatment produced significant increases in VO2 max, O2 pulse, max vent, max time, and flexibility. However, no significant change was observed in weight or body composition changes.
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PMID:Effects of an aerobic exercise program on community-based adults with mental retardation. 808 74

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) prediction equations for calculating peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) in young adults with mental retardation. A total of 32 subjects with mental retardation participated in this study: 15 young adults with Down's syndrome (DS) and 17 non-DS young adults (NDS). Subjects were matched for age, gender and intelligence quotient (IQ). Subjects were given a standard treadmill-graded exercise test to determine peak heart rate (HR) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects were connected to a metabolic cart during the test. Peak VO2 was predicted using ACSM's prediction equations where predicted VO2max is: men, 57.8-0.445 (age); and women, 42.3-0.356 (age). Statistical significance between groups was determined using a two-tail t-test, with alpha set a priori at 0.05. The DS group had a significantly (P = 0.0003) lower peak HR (DS 155.90 +/- 12.12 vs NDS 175.38 +/- 9.87) and per cent HR achieved (P = 0.0007) (DS 80.26 +/- 6.76 vs NDS 89.39 +/- 4.46) as compared to the NDS group. Differences were also found between groups with respect to peak oxygen consumption. The DS had a significantly (P = 0.006) lower peak oxygen uptake (ml kg-1 min-1) as compared to the NDS group (23.68 +/- 4.01 vs 31.00 +/- 7.11, respectively). Significant differences (P = 0.007) were accordingly observed with respect to per cent predicted oxygen uptake achieved (DS 55.22 +/- 10.61 vs NDS 73.27 +/- 19.15). A nearly two-fold difference (P = 0.01) was observed with respect to the functional aerobic impairment between the DS (44.79 +/- 10.61) and NDS (28.29 +/- 18.63) groups, further illustrating the impaired peak cardiovascular capacities of both groups. The results of this study indicated that use of the ACSM gender and activity specific prediction equations in young adults with mental retardation (DS and NDS), peak VO2 is significantly over-predicted (83.9 and 39.2%, respectively). Therefore, peak oxygen consumption and derived exercise prescriptions must be based on actual measurements, rather than via ACSM prediction equations. Otherwise, training intensities may be over-predicted and impose possible health risks.
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PMID:The accuracy of predicting treadmill VO2max for adults with mental retardation, with and without Down's syndrome, using ACSM gender- and activity-specific regression equations. 812 98

Down's syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation. Development of the DS brain is associated with decreased neuronal number and abnormal neuronal differentiation, and adults with DS develop Alzheimer's disease. The cause of the neurodegenerative process in DS is unknown. Here we report that cortical neurons from fetal DS and age-matched normal brain differentiate normally in culture, but DS neurons subsequently degenerate and undergo apoptosis whereas normal neurons remain viable. Degeneration of DS neurons is prevented by treatment with free-radical scavengers or catalase. Furthermore, DS neurons exhibit a three- to fourfold increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation that precede neuronal death. These results suggest that DS neurons have a defect in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species that causes neuronal apoptosis. This defect may contribute to mental retardation early in life and predispose to Alzheimer's disease in adults.
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PMID:Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro. 852 10

This study evaluated the cardiorespiratory capacity of persons with MR with and without Down syndrome. Analyses of individual data records of maximal exercise tests with metabolic analyses were conducted on tests of 111 subjects (31 men and 16 women with DS; 35 men and 29 women without DS) from six participating centers. All centers used a walking treadmill protocol previously shown to produce valid and reliable maximal tests with this population. Peak oxygen uptake and peak minute ventilation were higher in men than in women (P < 0.006), and in subjects without DS (P < 0.006). Peak heart rate was also higher in subjects without DS (P < 0.006). Peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was higher in subjects without DS (P < 0.006). Using peak RER as a covariate did not change the results. An analysis of peak minute ventilation, heart rate and VO2 of subjects with a peak RER above 1.1 revealed the same results. These data show that individuals with mental retardation have low levels of peak VO2, consistent with low levels of cardiovascular fitness. Individuals with Down syndrome have even lower levels of peak VO2 than their peers without Down syndrome, a finding that is possibly mitigated by the lower peak heart rates of the individuals with Down syndrome.
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PMID:Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome. 877 25

Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by facial angiofibromatosis, epilepsy, and mental retardation. There have been only a few reports of anesthetic management of patients with tuberous sclerosis. We managed a 22-year-old patient with tuberous sclerosis using nitrous oxide (67%) in oxygen supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam. There were no untoward events related to anesthesia and surgery. Problems in managing patients with tuberous sclerosis are also discussed.
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PMID:[Anesthetic management of a patient with tuberous sclerosis]. 886 13

A 26-year-old male with cardiomyopathy, cervical muscle weakness and mental retardation was diagnosed as having glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase on the basis of his clinical, pathological and biochemical findings. Positron emission tomography showed that cerebral oxygen metabolism was normal, while cerebral glucose metabolism was decreased in the cerebral cortexes. The decrease of the glucose metabolic rate may reflect an abnormality of cerebral glucose metabolism in this disorder and may be related to mental retardation, which is one of the characteristic symptoms.
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PMID:Cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism in glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase: case report. 886 26


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