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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nutrition programs and family planning programs have a mutual impact on each other and nutrition and family planning services can be provided in an integrated program; however, an integrated approach is not absolutely necessary as individual programs can also be beneficial. Reductions in population growth and family size can contribute toward inproving nutritional standards by increasing the available per capita food supply. Nutritional programs can promote family planning by reducing infant and child mortality. The proportion of the population in developing countries suffering from malnutrition ranges from 25%-75%. Major nutritional problems are anemia caused by iron and folate deficiency, goiter caused by iodine deficiency, and blindness caused by Vitamin A deficiency. Severe clinical malnutrition gives rise to pellegra, beriberi, and other serious disease which can be easily recognized and diagnosed. Only 2-3% of a poorly fed population suffers from severe clinical malnutrition. Most of the individuals in a poorly fed population suffer milder forms of malnutrition which are harder to diagnose. During the 1st stage of malnutrition body stores of needed materials decline. There are no outward clinical manifestations of this decline and the problem can be detected only through biochemical measurement. During later stages as organ dysfunction, tissue damage, and irreversible damage occurs the clinical signs become increasing apparent. The effects of poor nutrition on children include 1) reduced growth rates; 2) impairment of the body's defense system for fighting infection; and 3) mental retardation. The effects of poor nutrition on adults are more difficult to identify, but a number of studies indicate that work output is significantly decreased by malnutrition.
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PMID:Nutrition policies and population policies. 746 17

We describe 2 sibs (brother and sister) with myopathy, sideroblastic anemia, lactic acidosis, mental retardation, microcephaly, high palate, high philtrum, distichiasis, and micrognathia. Very low levels of cytochromes a, b, and c were detected in the patients' muscle mitochondria. Deposition of iron within the mitochondria of bone marrow erythroblasts was observed on electron microscopy. Irregular and enlarged mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions were also seen on electron microscopy of the patients' muscle specimen. Examination of DNA from the affected sibs showed no deletions in the mitochondrial DNA nor the mutations identified in the syndromes of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) or myoclonus, and epilepsy associated with rugged-red fibers (MERRF). Since the parents were first cousins and 2 of 6 sibs (male and female) were affected, we suggest that the syndrome expressed by our patients represents a previously unknown autosomal recessive disorder that includes mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia.
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PMID:Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia: a new syndrome. 772 39

To determine the effect of iron status on the seizure threshold, measures of iron sufficiency were prospectively evaluated in 51 children presenting to a pediatric emergency department with a febrile illness with (26) or without (25) an associated febrile seizure. A higher proportion of children from the febrile seizure group had a family history of mental retardation (5/26 versus 0/25, P = .02) or of previous febrile seizures (10/26 versus 2/23, P = .01). The two groups were otherwise comparable for age, sex, race, family history of afebrile seizures, temperature at presentation, white blood cell count, differential, and vitamin and antibiotic use. Patients with febrile seizures were less frequently iron deficient as defined by a free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level above 0.80 ng/L (2/23 versus 10/25, P < .01), hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L (1/26 versus 6/25, P < .03), hematocrit less than 0.30 L/L (0/22 versus 4/25, P < .02), mean corpuscular hemoglobin less than 20 pg (0/25 versus 3/24, P < .04), mean corpuscular volume less than 65 fL (0/26 versus 4/24, P < .02), and platelet count higher than 550 x 10(9)/L (0/26 versus 3/25, P < .04). This association was even stronger when adjusted for differences in family history. None of the patients in the febrile seizure group was being treated for iron deficiency at presentation, whereas three of 25 controls used an iron supplement (P < .04). Iron deficiency may protect against the development of febrile seizures.
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PMID:Does iron deficiency raise the seizure threshold? 778 98

A 33 year-old man with undiagnosed neuropathy showing mental retardation and involuntary movements has been nourished for a long period by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) because of frequent vomiting and repeated aspiration pneumonitis. After ten months' TPN, macrocytic anemia and neutropenia developed and iron preparation was administered without hematological improvement. Bone marrow examination revealed normocellular marrow without features of megaloblastosis and dysplasia. In some erythroblasts and immature myeloid cells, vacuoles were observed and mature granulocytes were reduced in the bone marrow. Both serum copper and ceruloplasmin were very low (12 micrograms/dl and 7mg/dl, respectively). Thus, oral administration of copper sulfate resulted in marked increase of reticulocytes and subsequent improvement of anemia and neutropenia within two months. Copper deficiency is a rare condition, but during an unusual nutrition such as TNP, hematological abnormality due to copper deficiency must be noticed to occur.
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PMID:[Anemia and neutropenia due to copper deficiency during long-term total parenteral nutrition]. 849 15

Our views on paediatric nutrition have considerably changed during the last 20 years. Some hereditary metabolic diseases testify to the remarkable efficacy of a specific preventive dietetics avoiding the development of mental retardation. Although certain deficiencies (in iron, fluorine, folates, vitamin D) are persisting in France, the major problems concern the prevention in childhood of allergy, obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and even certain cancers, all diseases which play a crucial role in the morbidity and mortality of adults. Numerous uncertainties still exist, but in the present state of our knowledge we can already develop some recommendations which should replace the much abusive publicity that prevails in the information given to the public.
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PMID:[Towards preventive dietetics in children]. 850 35

A 38 year old patient with megalencephaly, mental retardation, and lifelong tremor developed levodopa responsive parkinsonism in his mid-30s followed by the appearance of dyskinesiae, motor fluctuations, hallucinations, and dementia. Brain MRI showed, as well as other changes, iron deposition in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and the pulvinar of the thalamus. Postmortem examination disclosed depigmentation of the substantia nigra pars compacta with neuronal loss, gliosis, and Lewy body formation. Axonal dystrophic spheroids, neuronal loss, calcification, and iron deposition were found in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Less severe changes without neuronal loss were seen in the globus pallidus. This combination of megalencephaly with neuroaxonal changes predominantly in the pars reticulata and Lewy body degeneration isolated to the substantia nigra pars compacta has not been previously reported.
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PMID:Atypical dopa responsive parkinsonism in a patient with megalencephaly, midbrain Lewy body disease, and some pathological features of Hallervorden-Spatz disease. 893 52

Medical problems associated with prematurity are frequently complex, and a multidisciplinary approach is often required. Some common problems include the following: (1) anemia, which can be reduced by iron supplementation, (2) cerebral palsy or mental retardation as a result of intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, (3) respiratory problems, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and apnea, (4) visual problems, such as those associated with retinopathy of prematurity, (5) gastroesophageal reflux and (6) surgical problems, including inguinal or umbilical hernia and cryptorchidism. Monitoring of growth and development includes recording the infant's head circumference, weight and length on a growth chart for premature infants. Nutritional status should be assessed at each visit, watching for hyperosmolar problems in infants receiving high-calorie formulas. Consultation with other specialists may be required if abnormalities are identified during follow-up care in the office.
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PMID:Office care of the premature infant: Part II. Common medical and surgical problems. 961 10

Regional changes of metabolite concentrations during human brain development were assessed by quantitative localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Apart from measurements in young healthy adults, the study was based on regional spectra from 97 children who were either healthy or suffered from mental retardation, movement disorders, epilepsies, neoplasm, or vascular malformation. Metabolite quantitation focused on cortical gray and white matter, cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia in six age groups from infancy to adulthood. During infancy and childhood, the concentration of the neuroaxonally located N-acetylasparate increased in gray matter, cerebellum, and thalamus, whereas a constant level was detected in white matter. These findings are in line with regional differences in the formation of synaptic connections during early development and suggest a role of N-acetylaspartate as a marker of functioning neuroaxonal tissue rather than of the mere presence of nerve cells. This view is further supported by high concentrations of taurine in gray matter and cerebellum during infancy, because taurine is also believed to be involved in the process of synapse formation. Remarkably, in basal ganglia both N-acetylaspartate and taurine remain constant at relatively high concentrations. Other metabolite changes during maturation include increases of N-acetylaspartylglutamate, especially in thalamus and white matter, and a decrease of glutamine in white matter. Despite regional differences and some small changes during the first year of life, the concentrations of creatine, phosphocreatine, choline-containing compounds, myoinositol, and glutamate remain constant afterward. The creatine to phosphocreatine concentration ratio yields 2:1 throughout the human brain irrespective of region or age. The observed increase of the proton resonance line-width with age is most pronounced in basal ganglia and corresponds to the age-related and tissue-dependent increase of brain iron.
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PMID:Regional age dependence of human brain metabolites from infancy to adulthood as detected by quantitative localized proton MRS. 1050 71

Table salt can now be fortified with iodine and iron without interaction and without loss of potency. According to Levente Diosady, professor of Food Engineering at the University of Toronto, the amounts of the two micronutrients available to the human body have been significantly reduced when the two interacted. In the new technology, the iodine is covered with a dextrin (a water soluble starch) capsule that serves as a physical barrier to the iron. Micronutrient Initiative (an international secretariat based at IDRC that works to eliminate health problems resulting from iron, iodine, and vitamin A deficiencies) and IDRC supported the development of the technology. The efficiency of absorption of the two micronutrients in the new double fortified salt in the human body is being tested at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Later testing will be conducted by University of Ghana scientists in IDRC-funded trials that will focus on women and their families in areas of Ghana where these deficiencies are endemic. Iodine is part of thyroid hormone, which contributes to brain development in the fetus and regulates human metabolism; iodine deficiency is the most frequent cause of preventable mental retardation. Related disorders include lethargy, physical disabilities, goiter, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Iron deficiency, the most common nutritional problem in the world (particularly among women, infants, and children), is associated with anemia, fatigue, learning problems, pregnancy complications, premature births, and maternal mortality. The two deficiencies together affect more than one-third of the world's population. Approximately 1.6 billion people, in more than 100 countries, live in areas where iodine is not available in sufficient amounts; those most at risk include about one-third of China's population. It is also a severe problem in the Himalayas, the Andes, India, and West Africa.
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PMID:Micronutrient deficiencies. Reports from the field -- Africa. 1229 Mar 27

Micronutrient supplementation is important for all pregnant women, but absolutely essential where women are poorly nourished or anemic. The health of newborn infants is closely linked with that of the mother. Pregnant women need extra stores of micronutrients both to help their fetus develop and to nourish the newborn as it breast-feeds. Mothers should therefore be as healthy and well-nourished as possible during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period for both their sake and that of their infants. More than 12% of the world's population lives in iodine-deficient areas. Lack of iodine can cause mental retardation in children. Iodized salt and iodized oil during pregnancy, however, prevent retardation in infants. Pregnant women in many parts of the world are routinely given iron or folate supplementation and vitamin A supplements can help the growth of newborns.
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PMID:Micronutrient supplements help improve infant health. 1234 18


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