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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data based on a national classification of mental disorders were collected continuously between 1968 and 1976, and then every two years from 1976 to 1982, following the same standards, in French public sector psychiatric hospitals. It was possible to study the evolution of deaths over this period taking all causes combined and by psychiatric diagnosis. The hospitalized population was estimated using data on length of stay and analysing them by the person-years method. The number of observed deaths was compared with the number of deaths expected applying the mortality rate of the general population to the numbers of inpatients of the same sex and age group and this gave us a standardised mortality ratio:SMR. Excess mortality in psychiatric inpatients, still apparent in this population, is decreasing except among women aged under 45, for whom it remains very high. Taking all causes of death combined, the mortality level in 1982 was almost 10 times higher than in the same female age group in the general population. Even when mortality is studied after exclusion of traffic accident deaths, the gap between men and women remained almost the same. The SMR for psychoses and mental retardation should no tendency to decrease in women aged under 55 and the SMR for neuroses showed a regular increase from 1972. A reduction was observed for all diagnostic groups studied in the 55 plus age group, for both men and women.
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PMID:Changes in mortality among psychiatric inpatients, 1968-1982. 204 8

For the purpose of early detection and early habilitation for developmentally handicapped children, we started medical screening in 1978 for pediatric neurological diseases among children in Sodegaura City, Chiba Prefecture with a total population of about 50,000. A statistical analysis were performed for the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP), mental retardation (MR, I.Q < 70) and Down syndrome (Down). The number of liveborn babies during 1978-1987 was 5,070. The number of patients with CP, MR and Down were 11, 44 and 5 respectively. The incidence rates of CP, MR and Down were 0.217%, 0.868% and 0.099% respectively, which were almost equal to those recent reports. The rate of perinatal brain damage with CP was 81.8%. The incidence rates of mild MR (MMR, I.Q 69-50) and severe MR (SMR, I.Q < 50) were 0.512% and 0.355% respectively. The SMR rate was almost equal to recent reports, and the MMR rate was different from some reports. The rates of prenatal brain damage, perinatal brain damage, postneonatal brain damage and unknown origin with MR were 20.5%, 22.7%, 4.5% and 34.1% respectively. The rate of perinatal disorders, which play some role in the etiology of MR, was 18.2%. Even now, the perinatal disorders play a major role of CP and MR. Therefore the progress of perinatal medicine is strongly desired.
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PMID:[Incidence rates of cerebral palsy, mental retardation and Down syndrome in Sodegaura City, Chiba Prefecture]. 791 91

With the aim of evaluating the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in neurologic pediatric patients with severe motor and/or psychiatric involvement, a retrospective study of 140 infants followed at the Neuropediatric Unit was realized. Forty-five patients (32.1%) had moderate to severe mental retardation (ms RR), 21 of these patients had associated tetraparetic cerebral palsy (T-CP). The rest of the infants presented variable degrees of neurologic involvement: 25 diplegic (D-CP), 27 hemiparetic (H-CP), 22 with slight mental retardation or borderline IQ without motor deficit (SMR), and 21 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD-H). The diagnosis of GER was based on clinical symptomatology and barium ingestion with fluoroscopy and/or esophagoscopy. GER was confirmed in 27 patients: 19 (90.5%) with T-CP, 6 (25%) with ms-MR and 2 (8%) with D-CP. The rest of the infants did not have GER. There was a very significant difference in the frequency of GER in the T-CP group with respect to the other groups (p < 0.001) and a significant difference in the ms-MR patients with respect to the other groups (p < 0.05). The treatment of GER was surgical in ten patients (37%), after failure of medical treatment in 8; exclusively medical treatment in 10 cases (37%) and postural and dietetic treatment in 7 (26%) patients. Good control of GER, resulting in an improvement in the quality of life, occurred in 90% of the patients treated surgically and only in 55% of the patients treated medically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Gastroesophageal reflux in pediatric neurologic patients]. 846 Aug 41

Mental retardation (MR) is defined as congenital or early onset lifelong impairment of cognitive and adaptive functioning (IQ < 70). It effects approximately 3% of the Western population. The causes are heterogenous. Numerical or structural chromosome abnormalities are responsible for 10-20% of the mild cases (MMR) and 40% of the severe cases (SMR). Among them Down syndrome represents the most frequent chromosome aberration and the most frequent defined MR syndrome. Gonosomal aberrations do not coincide with MR, as long as only one gonosome is lost or gained. Nearly all unbalanced structural autosomal aberrations cause SMR. Recent studies suggested that sub-microscopic chromosomal microdeletions or subtelomeric rearrangements account for approximately 10% of the undiagnosed cases. They represent a group of newly defined disorders. Single gene mutations are responsible for > 1200 known syndromal conditions with MR. But only few causative genes have been identified as yet. However, an increasing number of genes causing X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) have been localized and cloned, namely 38 genes of the 136 known syndromic conditions and 19 for the non-syndromic conditions. XLMR explains the 20 % excess of males over females. Despite the increasing knowledge about the causes of MR, about half of the cases remain undiagnosed. Guidelines for the diagnostic procedure in children with MR have been proposed.
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PMID:[Genetic causes of mental retardation]. 1603 86

Mortality in people with epilepsy has been studied in many different populations. In population-based incidence cohorts of epilepsy with 7-29 years follow-up, there was up to a threefold increase in mortality, compared to the general population (standardized mortality ratios [SMR] ranged from 1.6 to 3.0). When studies include selected epilepsy populations where patients with frequent and severe seizures are more common, the mortality is even greater. Relative survivorship (RS) following the diagnosis of epilepsy was 91%, 85%, and 83% after 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. In a population with childhood-onset epilepsy, RS was 94% and 88% after 10 and 20 years. The level of increased mortality is affected by several factors. In idiopathic epilepsy where the causes of seizures are unknown, the results are conflicting. There was no significant increase in mortality in studies from Iceland, France, and Sweden, a barely increased risk in a study from the United Kingdom, and a significantly increased risk in a study from the United States. In contrast, all studies report a significant increased mortality in remote symptomatic epilepsy (standardized mortality ratios [SMRs] ranging from 2.2 to 6.5). The highest mortality is found in patients with epilepsy and neurodeficits present since birth, including mental retardation or cerebral palsy (SMRs ranging from 7 to 50). Mortality is also affected by age, with the highest SMRs in children, the combined effect of low mortality in the reference population, and high mortality in children with neurodeficits and epilepsy. The highest excess mortality is found in the elderly, > or =75 years. A pronounced increase in mortality is found during the first year following the onset of seizures due to underlying severe diseases. The increased mortality remains in different studies 2-14 years following diagnosis. Most of the factors responsible for the increased mortality are related to the underlying disorder causing epilepsy with pneumonia, cerebrovascular disease, and neoplastic disorders (risk remains elevated when primary brain tumors are excluded), as the most frequently recorded causes. The most common direct seizure-related cause of death in adolescents and young adults is sudden unexpected death, which is 24 times more common than in the general population.
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PMID:Mortality of epilepsy in developed countries: a review. 1639 74