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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two experiments confirmed and extended earlier research (Ellis, Woodley-Zanthos, Dulaney, & Palmer, 1989) showing that persons with mental retardation are more rigid than persons without mental retardation. In Experiment 1 subjects read Stroop words, practiced naming the colors of Stroop words, and then read the Stroop words again. Postpractice reading interference was related to amount of practice, and the interference effect was much greater in persons with mental retardation. We hypothesized that the practice led to automatization of a reading suppression response that had greater cognitive inertia for persons with mental retardation and, therefore, had a greater effect on postpractice reading for them. This cognitive inertia effect was shown to be quite durable in persons with mental retardation, lasting more than 3 months for 10 of 13 subjects. The effect disappeared within a month for persons without mental retardation.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 May
PMID:Further evidence for cognitive inertia of persons with mental retardation. 205 13

Barton and Barton (1985) reported that supplementary peanut butter reduced rates of ruminating of 4 children with mental retardation and hypothesized that the effect was due to its thick, sticky consistency. We further examined the effects of peanut butter with 5 subjects with mental retardation by independently manipulating the caloric density versus the consistency associated with peanut butter. Results showed an inverse relation between rates of ruminating and amount of peanut butter consumed. However, this effect appeared to be primarily due to an increase in calories. A weaker and less consistent effect was ascribed to the consistency of peanut butter.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 May
PMID:Effects of peanut butter on ruminating. 205 14

Lithium has been recommended for some psychiatric conditions and/or behavior disturbances in patients with mental retardation. Components of an adequate clinical trial were described here and case studies and double-blind cases reviewed. Based on existing data, there are few guidelines for the use of lithium with this population. Of the various indicators for lithium, the most solid are for aggression, although the type of aggression is not specified: (a) achieve a serum concentration of at least 0.5 mEq/1 to 1.0 mEq/1 unless the patient responds or trial-ending side effects appear and (b) treat for 6 to 8 weeks before concluding that the patient will not respond.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 May
PMID:Towards defining adequate lithium trials for individuals with mental retardation and mental illness. 205 18

Changes in the size and type of operation of residential facilities for persons with mental retardation in the United States over the past 2 decades were discussed and current (June 30, 1988) interstate variability in residential services along these same dimensions examined. Considerable progress was noted nationally in securing relatively small, community-based residential opportunities for persons with mental retardation. However, this progress has not been uniformly realized in all states or for all types of facilities. Standards for federal policy that would make the official national commitment to community-based services more consistent among all the states were considered.
Ment Retard 1990 Dec
PMID:Longitudinal change and interstate variability in the size of residential facilities for persons with mental retardation. 212 67

Three older adults with severe and moderate mental retardation were taught a complete regimen of aerobic-type exercises under conditions that approximated mainstream exercise programs. A treatment package (prompts, contingent praise, and delayed reinforcing activities) was implemented by individual coaches while participants followed the instructions of an exercise leader. Prompts were faded and contingent activities were discontinued following skill acquisition. All participants correctly performed between 63% and 85% of the exercise repetitions during training and between 82% and 95% at a 9-month follow-up. Issues and strategies for achieving integration of persons with mental retardation into mainstream leisure activities were discussed.
Ment Retard 1990 Oct
PMID:Acquisition and maintenance of exercise skills under normalized conditions by adults with moderate and severe mental retardation. 214 35

A survey of 27 states receiving federal supported employment grants was conducted. Results indicated that the number of participating individuals increased 157% during the 3-year study period. Further, over 1,400 programs of supported employment were authorized by state agencies during this time. Individual placement options remained prevalent and employment outcomes associated with this approach appeared to be superior to outcomes associated with other models. Persons with mental retardation were the most frequent participants; individuals experiencing other handicapping conditions or those considered severely handicapped were not well represented. Implications of these results for the continued implementation of this new service alternative were discussed.
Am J Ment Retard 1990 Nov
PMID:National supported employment initiative: a preliminary analysis. 214 94

The correct methodology for performing the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), which has been widely studied in psychiatry for its possible utility as a laboratory test of depression, was reviewed. Factors that may invalidate the test by producing false-positive or false-negative results and current recommendations regarding using the test were discussed. Studies of the use of the DST for patients with mental retardation as well as other patients displaying atypical symptoms of depression, such as children and demented elderly persons, were reviewed.
Am J Ment Retard 1990 Mar
PMID:Use of the dexamethasone suppression test with mentally retarded persons: review and recommendations. 218 Apr 40

Generally, our society regulates from a standpoint of failure in the system. When the field of mental retardation could not adequately monitor its own professional practices, litigation and legislation brought the onset of government intervention. Historically, consensus building has been the method by which standards emerge and then become adopted into regulation. Yet at best, this practice results in "opinions" as to how quality should be defined. The Health Care Financing Administration's experience in regulating and enforcing has resulted in an emphasis on the outcomes of services received by individuals. Though difficult, it challenges professionals to begin defining accountable measures of "quality" over time.
Ment Retard 1990 Apr
PMID:Regulating professional services in ICFs/MR: remembering the past and looking to the future. 218 58

A definition of mental retardation developed under the aegis of the instructional paradigm was presented. Its purpose and use is to (a) clarify the task of personnel who work with persons who have been identified as mentally retarded and (b) provide a concept that unifies apparently discrete instructional constructs. This definition can also help mold the perceptual patterns of young persons entering the field by establishing expectations that focus on the provision of instruction.
Ment Retard 1990 Jun
PMID:Defining mental retardation from an instructional perspective. 219 89

Issues related to the care and education of mentally retarded individuals were examined from a historical perspective. Historical analysis shows that institutions and special education services spring from common, although not identical, societal and philosophical forces. The adequacy and implications of the normalization concept were discussed in relation to both deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming, with the conclusion that mental retardation workers must pay more attention to bettering the lives of retarded individuals and less to the "social address" at which interventions take place. Suggestions for the future care and education of retarded individuals were provided, and the proper role of science in the mental retardation field was discussed.
Am J Ment Retard 1990 Jul
PMID:From theory to practice in the care and education of mentally retarded individuals. 193 Sep 53


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