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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children and adolescents with mental retardation were compared with children and adolescents without mental retardation on their ability to recognize facial expressions. The groups were matched for either chronological age (CA) or mental age (MA). Children and adolescents with mental retardation recognized facial expressions less accurately than did subjects without retardation who were matched on CA. The MA-matched groups showed no differences in accuracy at the younger MA but a difference was found at the older MA. However, subjects categorized as having cultural-familial retardation did not differ from subjects without retardation matched for MA at either the younger or older MA. Results suggest that children with mental retardation are less able than children without retardation to develop emotional recognition skills by observational learning.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Jul
PMID:Recognition of affective facial expressions by children and adolescents with and without mental retardation. 187 85

A sample of 511 children and adults with mental retardation or borderline intelligence (1 SD below the mean IQ) and children of average intelligence were tested on their ability to recognize the six basic facial expressions of emotion as they are exemplified in Ekman and Friesen's (1975) normed photographs. Each subject was shown four sets of six photographs, one of each emotion. Subjects were read 24 short stories; after each one they were asked to point to the photograph that depicted the emotion described. Children and adults with mental retardation or borderline intelligence were less proficient at identifying facial expressions of emotion than were children of average intelligence. Among individuals with mental retardation or borderline intelligence, recognition of accuracy of facial emotion increased with IQ. Among individuals with average intelligence, recognition accuracy increased with age.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Jul
PMID:Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by persons with mental retardation. 187 86

Coulter (1991) concluded that a "poor study design" (p. 81) was used and my hypothesis was unproven. My article was not an experimental study in the sense of presenting experimental data intended to confirm or deny my hypothesis. Rather, it: 1. Described remarkable similarity between movements in patients with mental retardation during self-injury episodes and reports in the literature of involuntary movements during confirmed frontal lobe seizures; 2. Pointed out that the movements by some patients with mental retardation were so frequent and/or forceful that self-injury resulted; 3. Presented the hypothesis that the movements by patients with mental retardation may, in some cases, be involuntary and due to undiagnosed frontal lobe seizures; and 4. Suggested that if this hypothesis were correct, then one ought to consider what sort of treatment approaches might reduce the incidence/severity of frontal lobe seizure episodes. I agree that a well-designed experimental study to test my hypothesis would be very desirable. The preceding literature review has shown how difficult it would be using present methods to do a definitive study that rigorously confirms or rejects my hypothesis. Other approaches might be considered for testing my hypothesis with persons who are unable to give informed consent. One approach using rigorous observable criteria was suggested. In the interim, it seemed worthwhile to present my hypothesis to mental retardation professionals with the hope that others would consider this possibility and its implications for diagnosis and treatment, and the hope that some patients might benefit sooner rather than later. I appreciate Coulter's (1991) comments because they provided an opportunity to clarify potential misunderstandings. It is possible that other readers have had similar concerns, and I trust that this is the appropriate forum for addressing such matters.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Jul
PMID:The self-injury hypothesis: addressing a neurologist's concerns. 190 83

The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure burnout among 125 staff members working in community residential facilities for persons with mental retardation in North Dakota. Results showed that a moderate degree of burnout was present for direct-care and supervisory staff members in each of the three subscales of the inventory. In addition, supervisory staff members showed significantly more burnout on the Emotional Exhaustion subscale and significantly less on the Personal Accomplishment subscale than did direct-care staff members. Results were discussed in light of previous findings.
Ment Retard 1991 Jun
PMID:Burnout among staff members at community residential facilities for persons with mental retardation. 188 42

Boswell Center Psychotropic Medication Efficacy Graphs were developed to monitor the longitudinal effects of psychotropic medication on individuals with mental retardation. Levels of maladaptive and prosocial behaviors, medication side-effects, and psychotropic medication were considered simultaneously via the graphing system. The system provides data-based feedback to prescribing physicians and reduces reliance on anecdotal recollections.
Ment Retard 1991 Jun
PMID:Psychotropic medication efficacy graphs: an application of applied behavior analysis. 188 44

A validation study was performed in order to assess the content, construct, and criterion-related validities of the Parenting Style Survey, an instrument assessing parental behavior in families with a child who has mental retardation. Subjects were the primary careproviders of 29 individuals with moderate mental retardation. Data corroborating the validity of the Parenting Style Survey were derived from home visits, individuals experienced in developmental psychology, careproviders for individuals with mental retardation, and the Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974). The Parenting Style Survey is a reliable and valid measure of parenting behaviors for individuals who have a child with mental retardation living at home.
Ment Retard 1991 Jun
PMID:Validation of the parenting style survey for parents of children with mental retardation. 188 45

Types of environmental support provided to adults with mental retardation in group homes after transfer from a large state institution were compared. Substantial differences in the functioning of the group homes were found even though the service structure was held constant. Community adjustment was compared for matched groups of residents of the group homes. Differences in community adjustment occurred for residents in group homes with significantly different functional features. The findings indicate that resident outcome was generated by the interaction of several factors in combination. Both structural and functional features of facilities must be considered in any evaluation of the effectiveness of community programs.
Ment Retard 1991 Jun
PMID:Evaluation of environmental support in group homes for persons with mental retardation. 188 46

Data emanating from the community services component of the Third National Study of Public Spending for Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities was analyzed. An empirical model of community services spending in the states was tested in a hierarchical regression analysis using cumulative community services fiscal effort in the states across 1977-1988 as the dependent variable. Strength of consumer advocacy organizations in the states coupled with states' historical orientations toward the adoption of policies promoting racial equality were highly significant predictors of state-by-state variance in community spending patterns. The implications of this and other findings emerging from the national study were discussed.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Jan
PMID:Politics, public policy, and the development of community mental retardation services in the United States. 190 Jun 95

A national survey was conducted to investigate how managers in public residential facilities for persons with mental retardation attempt to reinforce work performance of direct-care staff. The reinforcement procedure reported most frequently by 460 managers was performance feedback (as opposed to monetary increments and time off). Essentially all managers reported using feedback, and virtually all of them reported that feedback was effective to varying degrees as a means of reinforcing staff performance. In response to an open-ended question regarding other procedures for reinforcing staff performance, they most frequently reported increasing staff involvement in management decision-making. Results were discussed in light of future research needs for improving staff work performance and incorporating results of management research into routine management practices.
Ment Retard 1991 Aug
PMID:Reinforcing staff performance in residential facilities: a survey of common managerial practices. 192 28

Accurate and reliable documentation of rights restrictions is critical for evaluating a program's success against the intrusiveness of a behavioral intervention, complying with regulatory standards, and refining treatment strategies. Direct-care and ancillary staff in three cottages at a state facility for persons with mental retardation were selected to evaluate a revised documentation system, including a new form, inservice training for staff inservice, and staff feedback, that was implemented sequentially across cottages. Results showed an immediate and sustained reduction in documentation errors following the implementation of the documentation system. Benefits and limitations of the new system were discussed.
Ment Retard 1991 Aug
PMID:Improving accuracy in documentation of restrictive interventions by direct-care personnel. 192 29


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