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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The field of mental retardation is being changed by a paradigm shift in how mental retardation is conceptualized and in how services are provided. This new way of thinking is reflected in the 1992 AAMR definition of what mental retardation is (Luckasson et al., 1992). Prevention efforts must also reflect this new way of thinking, which focuses on the interaction between individuals and their environment. In this paper, the stage was set for adoption of a new vision of prevention that incorporates an ecological approach to understanding the causation of mental retardation. The articles in this symposium were reviewed and their relevance to this new vision discussed. A comprehensive, coordinated, and integrated prevention program is needed that includes new strategies addressing a variety of personal, social, and environmental risk factors and on the interactions among them.
Ment Retard 1992 Dec
PMID:An ecology of prevention for the future. 147 13

The Chinese revision of the WAIS (designated WAIS-RC) was factor analyzed for a sample of individuals with mental retardation. There were 55 Chinese subjects with a mean Full Scale IQ of 49.13 (SD = 16.46). Results indicated that a two-factor solution comprised of the familiar Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization factors best described the data. Comparison of the Chinese structure with that of a low-IQ Canadian sample tested with the American WAIS-R revealed congruence coefficients of .97 and .98 for Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization, respectively. These findings provide support for further cross-cultural research utilizing the latest editions of the American and Chinese Wechsler scales.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Jul
PMID:Factor analysis of the Chinese WAIS with persons who have mental retardation. 149 63

Adults with mild mental retardation and equal-MA children and adults without mental retardation were required to (a) tactually examine single letters, two-letter words, bigrams, and Chinese characters with their right or left index finger and (b) indicate whether a visually presented stimulus was the tactually examined stimulus by saying "same" or "different." The left hand was significantly better for "same" responses and the right hand, for "different" responses, suggesting that hemispheric processing is dependent on information-processing requirements rather than type of stimulus. A left hand advantage for "same" Chinese characters by the children and adults without mental retardation was due to an increase in right hand latencies rather than a decrease in left hand latencies, again suggesting that different types of analyses are employed by the two cerebral hemispheres. Adults with mental retardation had the poorest accuracy and slowest latencies for correct "different" responses and significantly less differentiation of "same" and "different" responses (A') for all stimulus types. They identified "same" letters, words, and bigrams significantly faster than Chinese characters with their left hand and showed a trend toward the differential processing of bigrams ("same" latencies) as a function of hand.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Jul
PMID:Haptic asymmetries in persons with and without mental retardation. 149 66

Speed of encoding differences between individuals with and without mental retardation were examined to determine whether they stem from an automatically executed cognitive process or from encoding processes that require attentional resources. In Experiment 1, encoding functions were generated for physical identity and name identity encoding while subjects retained a full memory load or half memory load. Size of memory load influenced encoding times for all subjects. However, the pattern of group differences suggested that subjects with mental retardation allocated fewer attentional resources to encoding, even though encoding may require more of their resources for efficient execution. These conclusions were supported in Experiment 2, in which resource allocation was assessed using response times to auditory probes placed at various locations in the semantic encoding and decision task.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Jul
PMID:Attentional resource demands of stimulus encoding for persons with and without mental retardation. 149 67

A 3-year evaluation of The Children and Adolescent Pregnancy Project suggests that adolescents with mental retardation may be at increased risk for early pregnancy and dropping out of school. The Pregnancy Project is a school-based intervention that primarily serves black and Hispanic pregnant teens with mild to moderate mental retardation and elementary school-age pregnant teens in the same program. Outcome data were presented in terms of four common indicators of teen pregnancy programs: low birth weight, infant mortality, school drop out, and repeat pregnancy rates. Results indicate that serving pregnant adolescents with mild to moderate mental retardation (ages 11 to 19) in the same program with very young pregnant teens (ages 11 to 15) is an effective and developmentally appropriate means of reducing risks.
Ment Retard 1992 Aug
PMID:Reducing the risks in pregnant teens who are very young and those with mild mental retardation. 151 99

Results of a survey of six Midwestern states demonstrated that although some state Medicaid agencies have had work incentive policies for ICF/MR residents for some time, others continue to utilize policies that are a disincentive to work. Policy changes toward employment incentives in state Medicaid agencies should improve work opportunities for workers with mental retardation at little expense to the government.
Ment Retard 1992 Aug
PMID:Income allowance policies of state Medicaid agencies as work incentives or disincentives for ICF/MR residents. 151 1

The extent of use and effectiveness of special treatment options (in-house behavior shaping units, specialized outside referral agencies, and mobile intensive treatment teams) in dealing with behavior problems of persons with mental retardation was determined. A survey was completed by 144 institutions throughout the United States; 86% of all facilities recognized a need for special treatment options to deal with clients who had severe behavior problems. Sixty-eight percent of the institutions had presently or in the recent past used at least one of the three treatment options. Comparisons of these options in terms of perceived effectiveness, length of intervention, and type of problem addressed were reported.
Ment Retard 1992 Aug
PMID:Specialized treatment for behavior problems of institutionalized persons with mental retardation. 151 3

Utilization of social support and perceptions of family stress of 80 mothers with a child who had mental retardation were examined. Measures of family stress and social support were administered to subjects with a child in one of three normative transition periods. There were no significant differences in family stress scores across the groups. Analysis of variance procedures revealed significant differences in the utilization of intimate support across the age groups. Implications for further research in this area were discussed.
Ment Retard 1992 Aug
PMID:Social support of mothers of children with mental retardation. 151 4

The relation between dementia and depression in 61 adults with Down syndrome or 43 adults with mental retardation due to other causes was examined. Age-matched participants, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years, received a neuropsychological battery to assess declines in functioning and caregiver report measures to assess adaptive behavior and depression. Eight adults with Down syndrome had both depression and declines in functioning. No adults with mental retardation due to other causes had declines. Greater severity of depression was related to lower MA, poorer memory, and lower adaptive functioning in adults with Down syndrome only. Results suggest that dementia and depression are associated in Down syndrome but not in mental retardation due to other causes.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Mar
PMID:Depression and the onset of dementia in adults with mental retardation. 153 93

In this paper we have attempted to heighten awareness that meaningful family involvement must be part of program planning for community residential services. The family can be a powerful resource for social support, guidance, and advocacy for individuals with mental retardation living out of the natural home. The dilemma is that investigators have found disappointingly low levels of family involvement. A prospective look at family involvement in the post P.L. 94-142 era, however, suggests that parents who are highly involved with services for their child preplacement may be primed for considerable involvement postplacement. We argued that personnel in placement settings, in part because of carprovider ambivalence toward parents, may not be ready for more family involvement. Recommendations for policy makers and service providers to enhance family involvement were made.
Ment Retard 1992 Feb
PMID:Toward meaningful family involvement in out-of-home placement settings. 155 37


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