Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Individuals with mental retardation are almost twice as likely to demonstrate severe behavioral problems or symptoms of mental illness as are nonmentally retarded individuals. At present, however, the ability to diagnose a mental disorder in an individual with mental retardation is difficult, and instruments are needed to help facilitate this process. The Adolescent Behavior Checklist was developed with this purpose in mind. This self-report scale is used to assess the likelihood that an adolescent with mild mental retardation or borderline intelligence has a diagnosable mental illness. The 86-item yes/no self-report scale renders scores on eight subscales derived from DSM III-R. The checklist has been found to have good criterion and congruent validity and good test-retest reliability. Data regarding interrater reliability and the sensitivity and specificity of the scale are presented, as are implications for future research.
 ...
PMID:The Adolescent Behavior Checklist: normative data and sensitivity and specificity of a screening tool for diagnosable psychiatric disorders in adolescents with mental retardation and other development disabilities. 808 31

Nine males with mental retardation due to fragile X syndrome were compared to 9 males with mental retardation of other etiology. Subjects were compared on measures of personality, autistic features, and adaptive behavior. Results suggested that males with fragile X syndrome have a distinct psychological profile. In terms of DSM-III-R definitions, they had more autistic features, more schizoid features, and more schizotypal features. On measures of temperament, these males were more shy, more socially withdrawn, less energetic, and more emotional. The two groups did not differ with respect to adaptive behavior skills.
 ...
PMID:Autistic features, personality, and adaptive behavior in males with the fragile X syndrome and no autism. 814 22

Persons with developmental disabilities are more frequently abused physically, emotionally and sexually than nondisabled persons (Ammerman, Van-Hasselt, Herson, McGonigle, & Lubetsky, 1989; Sobsey, Gray, Pyper, & Reimer-Heck, 1991). Persons with developmental disabilities are susceptible to the full range of psychiatric disorders (Szymanski, Madow, Mallory, Menolascino, & Pace, 1991). There has been no comprehensive study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population (Hudson & Pilek, 1990), a recent textbook of mental health and mental retardation does not contain index listings on this condition (Fletcher & Menolascino, 1989), and psychometric tests currently proposed for use with the retarded do not examine for this condition (Aman, Watson, Singh, Turbott, & Wilsher, 1986). In this preliminary study, descriptive data from 51 persons with developmental disabilities who met DSM-IIIR criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder are reported. The majority of cases were detected upon routine initial psychiatric interview and record review. Demographics, family histories, and comorbid psychiatric conditions are described. In this sample all patients who received comprehensive recommended treatment improved.
 ...
PMID:Posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with developmental disabilities. 814 22

The applicability of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) in the informant-rating version to mentally retarded adults (> 19 years of age) of all degrees of severity is researched here for the first time. The sample (N = 798) consisted of residents in community-based group homes (56.9%) and residents of a variety of institutions (43.1%). On average, 23 of the 24 CDI items were to be assessed. Internal consistency, interrater reliability, and the item-total score correlations were adequate. The three factors derived from factor analysis were open to clear interpretation. The CDI score proved to be independent of age, sex, and degree of mental retardation. Persons with behavior problems, psychotropic drug treatment, non-Down syndrome status, as well as the residents of a psychiatric clinic, all returned a higher CDI score. Among those having a CDI score > or = 17 (n = 54), there were 57% with DSM-III-R depressive disorders. These results suggest that the CDI in an informant-rating version is suitable as a diagnostic and screening instrument for mentally retarded adults.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adults: reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). 821 Jun 7

A survey of affective symptoms in two groups of institutionalized adults with mental retardation was conducted. The groups were comprised of subjects with prior diagnoses of affective disorders or other psychiatric disorders. Informants reported retrospectively on the presence or absence of DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and mania. Thirteen percent of the affective disorders group did not meet these criteria for depression or mania, whereas 20% of the other psychiatric disorders group did. Aggression was a frequent concomitant of psychopathology in both groups. These findings support previous reports that affective disorders may be underdiagnosed in this population. However, unlike prior investigations, most of the subjects (74%) in the present survey had severe to profound mental retardation.
 ...
PMID:Affective symptoms of institutionalized adults with mental retardation. 829 17

Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome of both extraordinary importance and extraordinary complexity. Its conceptual history contains many perspectives on the "essential" nature of the illness. For example, Kraepelin in 1919 emphasized primarily onset and course, although he also stressed the importance of some symptoms such as changes in affect and volition. Bleuler in 1911 took a more cross-sectional approach and attempted to identify fundamental characteristic symptoms, especially stressing fragmenting of thought processes. Schneider's (1959) approach was cross-sectional, stressing a group of "first-rank symptoms." DSM-III and its successors attempted to achieve a synthesis of these concepts. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia is certain, and heterogeneity in pathophysiology and etiology is likely. Although we can now define a particular construct of schizophrenia with reasonable agreement, the construct must be recognized as provisional and based on a need to achieve consensus about definitions rather than on an understanding of pathophysiology and etiology. The major challenge confronting the student of schizophrenia is to identify its mechanisms and causes in order to develop improved strategies for treatment and prevention. Several different approaches have been proposed to achieve this goal. Early attempts to explore and validate the construct of schizophrenia stressed descriptive and epidemiological techniques; the "validity" of a given construct of schizophrenia would be determined by evaluation of familial aggregation, course and outcome, response to treatment, and laboratory tests. This earlier approach to validation is now complemented by one that draws on techniques from neuroscience and attempts to understand schizophrenia in terms of underlying neural mechanisms. While the earlier approach conceptualized schizophrenia primarily in terms of a single disease entity, the second approach is particularly useful for the exploration of subtypes or dimensions. Research strategies for the study of schizophrenia have been developed to explore its heterogeneity. Three different competing models are discussed: (1) A single etiopathological process leading to diverse manifestations, similar to multiple sclerosis; (2) multiple disease entities leading to schizophrenia by different etiopathological processes, similar to the syndrome of mental retardation; and (3) specific symptom clusters within schizophrenia reflecting different disease processes that come together in different ways in different patients. Each of these models has strengths and weaknesses for the identification of etiology and pathophysiology.
 ...
PMID:Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia. 832 32

An estimate of the prevalence of autism in tuberous sclerosis (TSC) was made by interviewing the parents of 21 children between ages 3 and 11 ascertained during a previous population study of the condition in the West of Scotland. Five of the children (24%) were rated autistic and a further four (19%), all of whom were girls, had socially impaired behavior categorized as pervasive developmental disorder, without fulfilling all the DSM-III-R criteria for autism. One further boy had disruptive attention-seeking behavior that had excluded him from his normal school. The estimated prevalence from this study of autism in TSC is 1 in 4 children in general, and 1 in 2 of those with mental retardation. Tuberous sclerosis could be a significant cause of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, particularly in girls.
 ...
PMID:A prevalence study of autism in tuberous sclerosis. 833 Oct 50

Diagnosis of mental health needs in people with mental retardation using the DSM-III-R manual was critically reviewed. Conceptual issues included the interaction of different diagnosis categories; the cognitive and linguistic competencies often required for diagnosis; the potential mismatch between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and the DSM-III-R nosology; and issues relating to multi-axial classification. Strategies identified to explore and resolve these issues include better documentation of the frequency and nature of these problems when using unmodified DSM-III-R criteria, better empirical piloting of modified diagnostic criteria with people with severe and profound mental retardation, and the use of social validity data to identify potential mismatches between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and DSM-III-R diagnoses.
 ...
PMID:DSM-III-R and persons with dual diagnoses: conceptual issues and strategies for future research. 855 11

The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis has a direct effect on the validity of post-mortem analyses of neuropathological data, yet little is known about the reliability of retrospective diagnostic procedures which rely on review of medical records. In this paper, we report on the reliability of DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnoses assigned by a pool of 8 raters to a set of 106 state hospital charts of elderly, chronic patients who had died while institutionalized and were autopsied. Diagnoses were grouped by general diagnostic class, and Kappa coefficients computed for agreement among raters, as well as for agreement between ultimate consensus diagnoses and those made while subjects were living. Interrater agreement for those diagnoses that occurred most frequently in this sample (e.g. Schizophrenia and Dementia) was excellent, and comparable to the the agreement observed for ratings of live patients. Interrater agreement for less frequently occurring diagnoses (e.g. Mental Retardation, Mood Disorders, other non-Schizophrenic Psychoses) ranged from excellent to poor. We found high agreement between our rates diagnoses and those assigned by state hospital personnel while patients were living, although post-mortem review produced lower rates of diagnosis of both schizophrenia and Alzheimer-type dementias. Overall, results suggest that the reliability of chart review diagnosis is comparable to that obtained from interviews of live patients when experienced raters are used and diagnostic base rates are high enough to produce stable estimates of reliability.
 ...
PMID:Reliability of post-mortem chart diagnoses of schizophrenia and dementia. 856 97

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders was studied in all children with mental retardation and/or motor disability in a defined geographical region over a two-year follow-up period. In the general population, the prevalence of autistic disorder was 0.09% at the end of the follow-up period -a minimum estimate, as children with average intelligence were not screened. Autism spectrum disorders were found in 19.8% of children with mental retardation, including strictly defined autistic disorder (DSM-III-R criteria) in 8.9%; the two-year follow-up yielded a higher prevalence of 11.7% with autistic disorder. Among children with cerebral palsy, 10.5% had an autism spectrum disorder. Clear co-variation was found between mental retardation, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders in this population of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
 ...
PMID:Autism spectrum disorders in children with physical or mental disability or both. I: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. 864 35


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>