Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of children with nocturnal enuresis a close relationship was found between disturbed family environment and the frequency of enuresis. It will appear that negative parental attitudes in contrast to positive ones, as defined in this paper, are predisposing factors for the appearance of nocturnal enuresis. It is well known that nocturnal enuresis is one of the most serious problems encountered in children. It is estimated that over 25 percent of the children examined in Child Guidance Clinics suffer from nocturnal enuresis. In fact enuresis is considered the most common reason for referral of children to such Clinics. Much has been said about the etiology of nocturnal enuresis, and the organic factor was considered to be of primary importance by physicians of past generations. Spina bifida, local infections, small cyst, adenoids, epilepsy and mental retardation were at times considered as the main causes. Today the organic factor is accepted as an important one in a percentage not exceeding that of five percent. As a psychological psychosomatic phenomenon, nocturnal enuresis is considered to be the result of many interacting factors. One of the psychological factors is known to be the child-parent relationship and the influence of the family environment as a whole. The purpose of this paper is the study of the influence of the family environment on the frequency of nocturnal enuresis regardless of the parents' reactions to the enuresis itself.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between parental attitude towards the emotionally disturbed child and nocturnal enuresis. 105 65

A 12 year-old boy was referred because of general weakness, enuresis and pallor which had been present for at least six months. Previously, the child had been hospitalized at the age of five, because of mental retardation and hepatosplenomegaly, for which no cause could be found. He had severe renal insufficiency, with all the hallmarks of nephronophthisis. In addition his vision was very poor and fundoscopy revealed tapetoretinal degeneration. The liver and spleen were grossly enlarged. Liver function was almost completely normal, but histology showed diffuse periportal febrosis with profiferation of the bile ducts. This observation seems to confirm the existence of a new syndrome, associating nephronophthisis and liver fibrosis as described by Boichis and coworkers (1973).
 ...
PMID:Nephronophthisis and tapetoretinal degeneration associated with liver fibrosis. 114 38

Fragile X syndrome, an X-linked genetic disorder, is the third most common cause of mental retardation. The following is a case of a 6-year-old boy with fragile X syndrome and its characteristic cognitive and behavioral symptomatology, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, this child experienced initial insomnia and nocturnal enuresis, problems not previously reported with fragile X. Previous pharmacological treatment of the syndrome's behavioral difficulties and attention deficit has included stimulants, folic acid, and neuroleptics. This is the first report of the successful use of imipramine. Imipramine also improved the boy's insomnia and enuresis, whereas methylphenidate caused an overall worsening of his condition.
 ...
PMID:Imipramine treatment of ADHD in a fragile X child. 193 2

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

Twenty-four Turkish children who had had neonatal tetanus were evaluated by means of physical and neurological examinations and psychometric tests at four to 15 years of age. Enuresis, mental retardation and growth retardation were frequent findings. The prevention of neonatal tetanus is important not only because of the high mortality rate but also because of its sequelae.
 ...
PMID:Long-term prognosis after neonatal tetanus. 292 Aug 74

EEG examinations were carried out on 137 patients with thalidomide embryopathy aged between 7 and 22 with a mean age of 17.0. Waking and sleep EEGs were normal in 82 (59.9%), and abnormal in 55 (40.1%). The incidence of abnormal EEG was significantly high in the patients associated with mental retardation, and it increased in proportion to the severity of mental retardation. The most frequent abnormal EEG finding was slowing of the basic activity (35/137; 24.8%). The incidence of slowing was significantly higher in the patients with a sensorineural hearing impairment (26/74; 35.1%) than in those with dysmelia (9/62; 14.5%). Slowing appeared frequently in the patients with various cranial nerve symptoms (30/84; 35.7%). The incidence of slowing was found significantly high in the patients with borderline or subnormal intelligence (8/16; 50.0%), and it correlated with the severity of mental retardation. Many patients (48/84; 57.1%) showed unilateral or asymmetrical neurological symptoms. However, asymmetry or focal abnormality in EEG was shown in only 8 patients. Positive spikes appeared frequently in the patients with gonadal dysplasia. Other somatic symptoms, past medical history and family history were not related to the incidence of abnormal EEGs. Eight patients had had epileptic seizures prior to this examination. Another 2 patients had nocturnal enuresis and showed epileptic EEG abnormalities in this examination. The incidence of epilepsy was significantly higher in the patients we examined than among the general population. It is concluded that ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy affected not only the morphological development of the limbs of the fetus, but the functions of its central nervous system, causing hearing impairment, other cranial nerve symptoms, mental retardation or epilepsy.
 ...
PMID:Electroencephalographic study of 137 patients with thalidomide embryopathy. 343 8

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below 95 degrees F (35 degrees C). Several conditions which can occur in the psychiatric population increase the risk of hypothermia: nocturnal enuresis, seizure disorder, debilitating physical illness, and mental retardation. The risk of hypothermia is further increased by the use of several classes of medications used to treat psychiatric disorders: antipsychotics, beta-adrenergic antagonists, benzodiazepines, and other sedatives. Air-conditioning is also identified as a risk factor for hypothermia. Hypothermia is posited as a possible link between antipsychotic medication and sudden unexplained death. Suggestions for further investigation are made, and clinical recommendations are offered to reduce the risk of hypothermia in the psychiatric patient population.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for hypothermia in psychiatric patients. 880 34

In the course of a research project aimed at the molecular characterization of balanced chromosome rearrangements associated with mental retardation (MR), several YACs spanning MR-associated chromosomal rearrangements in the 13q14-->q22 region were identified. To facilitate the search for relevant candidate genes, we have analyzed a total of 102 EST clones from this region. Sequence comparisons revealed that these 102 clones represent up to 72 distinct transcripts. When no physical mapping data were available, a minimal YAC contig was screened for each unique transcript by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or hybridization. Fifty-eight independent ESTs could be localized to YAC clones between the markers D13S1248 and D13S1201. Several ESTs are located on YAC clones detecting chromosomal rearrangements in MR patients. One EST was mapped within the critical region for Rieger syndrome type 2, and three transcripts were identified in the region for the nocturnal enuresis type 1. Some ESTs showed homologies to known genes, including the cadherin-related tumor suppressor gene from Drosophila, the yeast mitotic control protein DIS3, and the human alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor associated protein.
 ...
PMID:Identification of positional candidates for neurological disorders on chromsome 13q14-->q22. 960 76

Family and adoption studies indicate that genetic factors play a role in the development of many psychiatric disorders. A variable number of possible interacting genes predisposing to the diseases is likely. The genetic dissection has been hampered by genetic complexity as well as by difficulties in defining the phenotypes. Genetic mapping efforts using sib pairs, twins and individual large families has revealed preliminary or tentative evidence for susceptibility loci for a number of psychiatric disorders. Illnesses include the prion disease familial fatal insomnia (FFI), alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, autism, bipolar affective disorder, dyslexia, enuresis nocturnal, epilepsia, obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), schizophrenia, as well as the dementias, Alzheimer's disease and frontal lobe dementia, and mental retardation. The genes and proteins related to the newly discovered transmitter in the central nervous system, nitric oxide (NO), and its genes and proteins are also reviewed. The number of mapped human genes now exceeds 30,000 of the estimated total number of 60,000 to 100,000 genes. This rapid development will facilitate gene mapping, as well as efforts to isolate and identify the genes responsible for symptom susceptibility in many of the etiologically unclear psychiatric diseases with complex genetic origin.
 ...
PMID:[Mental disease a heritage. New genetic knowledge can reveal "public diseases" such as autism, dyslexia, alcoholism, anorexia, schizophrenia]. 1070 80

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited mental retardation after Down syndrome. The expansion of a CGG repeat, located in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation) gene, leads to the hypermethylation of the repeat and the upstream CpG island. Methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. The lack of FMR1 protein is believed to be responsible for the typical physical and mental characteristics of the syndrome. To analyze the specific phenotype of that syndrome as well as possible associations between the phenotype and the genotype, we examined a group of 49 fragile X boys and a control group of 16 patients with tuberous sclerosis. To determine the cognitive and behavioral phenotype, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), the Child Behavior Checklist (4/18), and a structured psychiatric interview (Kinder DIPS) were used. The genotype was analyzed by the Southern blot method. The phenotype of boys with FXS is characterized by a specific cognitive profile with strengths in acquired knowledge and in simultaneous processing. The psychiatric comorbidity is high and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), oppositional defiant disorder, enuresis, and encopresis predominate. In a group of 24 fragile X boys, no significant correlations between the specific aspects of the phenotype and the genotype were found.
 ...
PMID:Cognitive and behavioral profile of fragile X boys: correlations to molecular data. 1107 66


1 2 3 Next >>