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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty patients underwent transtympanic neurectomy because of severe drooling problems. Most of the group had cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation and the remainder had suffered brain damage. Their ages ranged from four to 56 years. There was improvement in drooling in 87 per cent of the group 14 months post-operatively, and there was no serious, irreversible complications. In this series of patients, transtympanic neurectomy has proved to be a safe and effective procedure for the control of drooling.
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PMID:Transtympanic neurectomy: a solution to drooling problems. 89 48

A modified Wilkie procedure, consisting of submandibular gland resection and parotid duct transplantation, has proven to be successful in controlling drooling in over 90 per cent of 120 patients with cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation. Follow-up ranges from one to six years. The operation is safe, effective and appears to be permanent.
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PMID:Control of drooling by translocation of parotid duct and extirpation of mandibular gland. 89 49

The Troyer syndrome was found by Cross & McKusick (1967) in 20 members of 12 Old Order Amish families in Holmes County, Ohio; it is a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia combined with distal muscle wasting, i.e. signs of involvement of lower motor neurons. The condition usually begins at 1 to 2 years and progresses at variable rates. Further manifestations include growth retardation, delayed speech development with dysarthria and drooling, and cerebellar signs; mental functions are usually not affected but severe emotional lability is a common finding. Brothers in a Wisconsin Old Order Amish family are reported with spastic diplegia, mental retardation, behavioral disorder and shortness of stature; the condition apparently is not progressive, and may be a "new" syndrome but could also represent a variant of the Troyer syndrome. Autosomal recessive inheritance is most likely, although consanguinity of the parents could not be proven. Another child in this family suffers from focal scleroderma (morphea) which is not related to the neurological syndrome.
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PMID:Familial spastic paraplegia with distal muscle wasting in the Old Order Amish; atypical Troyer syndrome or "new" syndrome. 126 Oct 70

One of the disabilities in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is dysphagia. To establish the prevalence of dysphagia in a population of children with CP, and to determine if any factors are related to dysphagia, we studied 56 CP patients, 5-21 years, enrolled in a primary school for the disabled. Fifteen patients (27%) had either radiographic or clinical evidence of dysphagia. These 15 patients were compared to the remaining 41 patients without dysphagia. Using data obtained from chart review and interviews with speech pathologists, several factors that contributed to dysphagia were found. These included: bite reflexes, slowness of oral intake, poor trunk control, inability to feed independently, anticonvulsant medication, coughing with meals, choking, and pneumonia. We also noted trends in the following factors: presence of tongue thrusting, presence of drooling, severity of CP, poor head control, severity of mental retardation, seizures, and speech disorders. Factors not related to the presence of dysphagia include: subject age, cause of CP, and type of CP. Early, aggressive work-up and identification in CP patients with the risk factors outlined above can reduce the associated pulmonary complications.
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PMID:Swallowing disorders in a population of children with cerebral palsy. 139 5

Swallowing dysfunction is the main cause of drooling in cerebral palsy. Medical treatment is inefficient. Surgical treatment involves neurectomy, translocation of the salivary duct or salivary gland resection. Following this, reeducation is advisable. Indications are based on the degree of drooling and on the degree of histories mental retardation. The authors present 2 case histories of drooling in patients with cerebral palsy treated by submandibular gland resection and parotid duct ligation.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of salivary incontinence in cerebral palsy]. 166 Jan 21

Mentally retarded individuals are, since 1984 a priority group for the Norwegian public dental health service. This group of patients may have many problems which affect oral health. Difficulties with feeding are common, as are various oral motor problems like rumination, bruxism, mouth breathing and drooling. The impaired oral function may cause retention of food, reduced self-cleaning from lips and tongue and long-term use of puree food. Obstipation is a common problem which is often treated with prunes, raisins or sweetened laxatives. In behaviour modification programs sweets are often used as rewards. Tooth cleaning may cause problems for many parents and caretakers due to lack of cooperation or anatomical malformation of oral structures or teeth. Dental treatment may also be difficult to perform. Recent research in Nordic countries supports earlier reports that mentally retarded individuals have a high incidence of plaque, periodontal disease and malocclusion. Caries does not seem to be a problem. Nevertheless, older individuals with mental retardation have more untreated caries and missing teeth than average. Early intervention with oral motor training and frequent regular preventive treatment (4 x per year) will reduce caries, periodontal disease, early tooth loss and the need for treatment under general anesthesia in the future.
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PMID:[The mentally retarded and the dental health services. Treatment needs and preventive strategies]. 183 93

Drooling is a significant problem demonstrated by individuals of all ages with a variety of etiologies such as neurological disorders, cerebral palsy, mental retardation and others. Persistent drooling not only creates troublesome hygienic problems for patients, teachers, nurses, and playmates because of the constant soiling of clothes, toys, and work materials, but also causes an odor from their clothing and bibs. The older patient with normal cognition is disturbed by the drooling and may become depressed and reclusive. Successful management of drooling alleviates these problems, improves appearance and self-esteem and significantly reduces the time involved in the care of the sufferers. The author, who had studied at the University of Toronto for 2 years, acquired the technique of submandibular duct relocation under the guidance of Dr. Crysdale. We carried out the surgical procedure of submandibular duct relocation for drooling on six patients who had cerebral palsy. The surgical procedure resulted in a dramatic decrease in drooling and odor levels. All of them improved in appearance, and the time involved in the care of the suffers was significantly reduced. The complication of ranula, however, appeared in two cases, which suggested a much higher frequency than that in the report of Crysdale. It seems that a detailed explanation to parents and teachers about the advantages and disadvantages of submandibular duct relocation is important.
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PMID:[The management of drooling in patients with cerebral palsy--submandibular duct relocation]. 213 67

Sialorrhea (drooling) is most commonly seen in children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation. Surgical procedures for the control of sialorrhea include salivary gland excision, parasympathetic nerve section, and salivary duct ligation and/or rerouting. Eighteen children between the ages of 5 and 17 years underwent bilateral submandibular gland excision and rerouting of Stensen's duct (Wilkie procedure). All children had severe drooling associated with cerebral palsy or mental retardation. Follow-up at 7 years showed satisfactory control of sialorrhea in 16 of 18 patients (89%). There was one major complication: xerostomia. Our results indicate that submandibular gland excision together with parotid duct retropositioning provides effective control of sialorrhea in most cases. Unfavorable head and mandibular posturing seemed to cause persistent sialorrhea in one case.
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PMID:Experience with the Wilkie procedure for sialorrhea. 239 10

Neuromotor handicaps and mental retardation have been associated with various types of dental malocclusions and oral dysfunction. In this study the specific role of mental status on oral functions was examined. For this, oral function capacity was compared between two groups of physically handicapped children and young adults, one with a physical handicap alone, the other with mental retardation. The latter were found not only to be significantly more motor-impaired in general, but also were found to have significantly more deficient oral functions (speech, swallowing and chewing). Mentally retarded also showed significantly more frequent involvement with regard to some other characteristics of oral function and oral conditions, such as lip seal, tongue posture and drooling. As oral dysfunction may cause dental malocclusion, it seems likely that the deviating or immature oral functions in the mentally retarded group may explain earlier observations of a higher prevalence and often more severe malocclusion in these individuals, compared to those who are handicapped.
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PMID:Oral function in the physically handicapped with or without severe mental retardation. 252 96

A single case ABA experimental design is presented in which techniques to facilitate mouth closure were hypothesized to decrease drooling. The subject was an 11-year-old male with mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Baseline 1 consisted of 10 half-hour sessions of play, followed by 1-hour periods during which the amount of saliva collected on an absorbent bib was measured and recorded. The subsequent treatment phase of 4 weeks was identical to the baseline except that a half-hour period of intervention was substituted for the half-hour of play. Intervention involved providing jaw control with intermittent tapping and jiggling, stroking the upper gum, and giving juice with jaw control. Baseline 2 consisted of 10 sessions identical to baseline 1. Results indicate that the amount of saliva leaving the mouth was a function of the presence or absence of intervention.
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PMID:Decreasing drooling through techniques to facilitate mouth closure. 665 Jun 47


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