Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential for normal central CNS function and represent the proximal site(s) of action for most neurotransmitters and many therapeutic drugs, including typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Similarly, protein kinases mediate many of the downstream actions for both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. We report here that genetic deletion of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) potentiates GPCR signaling. Initial studies of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptor signaling in fibroblasts obtained from RSK2 wild-type (+/+) and knockout (-/-) mice showed that 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and both basal and 5-HT-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation are augmented in RSK2 knockout fibroblasts. Endogenous signaling by other GPCRs, including P2Y-purinergic, PAR-1-thrombinergic, beta1-adrenergic, and bradykinin-B receptors, was also potentiated in RSK2-deficient fibroblasts. Importantly, reintroduction of RSK2 into RSK2-/- fibroblasts normalized signaling, thus demonstrating that RSK2 apparently modulates GPCR signaling by exerting a "tonic brake" on GPCR signal transduction. Our results imply the existence of a novel pathway regulating GPCR signaling, modulated by downstream members of the extracellular signal-related kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. The loss of RSK2 activity in humans leads to Coffin-Lowry syndrome, which is manifested by mental retardation, growth deficits, skeletal deformations, and psychosis. Because RSK2-inactivating mutations in humans lead to Coffin-Lowry syndrome, our results imply that alterations in GPCR signaling may account for some of its clinical manifestations.
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PMID:p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 exerts a tonic brake on G protein-coupled receptor signaling. 1653 34

Canonical transient receptor potential 5 TRPC5 (also TrpC5, trp-5 or trp5) is one of the seven mammalian TRPC proteins. Its known functional property is that of a mixed cationic plasma membrane channel with calcium permeability. It is active alone or as a heteromultimeric assembly with TRPC1; TRPC4 and TRPC3 may also be involved. Multiple activators of TRPC5 are emerging, including various G protein-coupled receptor agonists, lysophospholipids, lanthanide ions and, in some contexts, calcium store depletion. Intracellular calcium has complex impact on TRPC5, including a permissive role for other activators, as well as inhibition at high concentrations. Protein kinase C is inhibitory and mediates desensitisation following receptor activation. Tonic TRPC5 activity is detected and may reflect the presence of constitutive activation signals. The channel has voltage dependence but the biological significance of this is unknown; it is partially due to intracellular magnesium blockade at aspartic acid residue 633. Protein partners include calmodulin, CaBP1, enkurin, Na(+)-H+ exchange regulatory factor (NHERF) and stathmin. TRPC5 is included in local vesicular trafficking regulated by growth factors through phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3-kinase, Rac1 and PIP-5-kinase. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase suppresses TRPC5, possibly via an effect on trafficking. Biological roles of TRPC5 are emerging but more reports on this aspect are needed. One proposed role is as a mediator of calcium entry and excitation in smooth muscle, another as an inhibitor of neuronal growth cone extension. The latter is intriguing in view of the original cloning of the human TRPC5 gene from a region of the X chromosome linked to mental retardation. TRPC5 is a broadly expressed calcium channel with capability to act as an integrator of extracellular and intracellular signals at the level of calcium entry.
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PMID:Canonical transient receptor potential 5. 1721 53

TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential in various kinds of cells, such as brain neurons, smooth muscle cells, and endocrine cells. Loss-of-function mutations at multiple sites in the KCNK3 gene encoding for TASK1 channels are one of the causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in humans, whereas a mutation at only one site is reported for TASK3 channels, resulting in a syndrome of mental retardation, hypotonia, and facial dysmorphism. TASK channels are subject to regulation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Two mechanisms have been proposed for the GPCR-mediated inhibition of TASK channels: a change in gating and channel endocytosis. The most feasible mechanism for altered gating is diacylglycerol binding to a site in the C-terminus, which is shared by TASK1 and TASK3. The inhibition of channel function by endocytosis requires the presence of a tyrosine residue subjected to phosphorylation by the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src and a dileucine motif in the C-terminus of TASK1. Therefore, homomeric TASK1 and heteromeric TASK1-TASK3 channels, but not homomeric TASK3, are internalized by GPCR stimulation. Tyrosine phosphorylation by Src is expected to result in a conformational change in the C-terminus, allowing for AP-2, an adaptor protein for clathrin, to bind to the dileucine motif. It is likely that a raft membrane domain is a platform where TASK1 is located and the signaling molecules protein kinase C, Pyk2, and Src are recruited in sequence in response to GPCR stimulation.
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PMID:TASK channels: channelopathies, trafficking, and receptor-mediated inhibition. 3247 32