Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

139 children with a low birthweight (LBW), i.e. not more than 2 500 g, were examined at 5 years of age in respect of their neurological status, with special reference to motor coordination according to Touwen & Prechtl. 5 (3.6%) children had cerebral palsy; 13 (9.4%), minimal brain dysfunction; 38 (27.3%), delayed motor maturation; and 83 (59.7%), normal motor development and normal neurological status. Impairment of hearing and of vision, epilepsy and mental retardation were more common in children with cerebral palsy and MBD. Children with MBD and delayed motor maturation had a lower IQ, as judged from the draw-a-mantest according to Goodenough than children with normal neurological status. Cerebral palsy was found in children with a very low birthweight and short gestational age. Other findings were equally distributed among groups classified by weight and duuration of gestation.
 ...
PMID:Neurological investigation of 5-year-old children with low birthweight. 5 94

Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.
 ...
PMID:The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. 14 Jun 32

A total of 64 children from 6 months to 2,5 years with a hypotonic syndrome were observed. Follow-up studies were performed twice: after 1--1,5 years and after 2--3 years. In most of the cases (52 patients) the hypotonic syndrome towards the age of 6 slowly regressed, up to its complete disappearance. In these cases other neurological syndromes could appear (dyskinetic, spastic, minimal brain dysfunction), in the structure of which cerebellar symptoms occupied an important place. The intellectual development of these children was subnormal. In a lesser part of the cases (12 patients) the indicated dynamics of hypotonia was not seen, or it increased, while the intellectual devleopment of the children was characterized by mental retardation. These cases were evaluated as desintegration of development. The practical significance of the study of hypotonia for the prognosis is discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Central muscular hypotonia of early childhood (hypotonic form of infantile cerebral paralysis)]. 71 21

The purpose of this review has been to examine the hypothesis that the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), formerly also referred to as the Hyperactive Syndrome or Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD), is a precursor of criminality and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs. This has been done by reviewing findings from follow-ups. Most reviewed projects suffer from methodological weakness. In most materials, few if any of the cases had ADHD according to present criteria. Some had ADHD and conduct problems. Many probably had exclusively conduct problems, but were too young to fulfill the criteria of Conduct Disorder (CD). Methodological limitations of the examined projects have been pointed out. It has been discussed how weaknesses regarding research design might have influenced the results. As a consequence of methodological shortcomings of most projects, the reviewed studies do not give definite answers. However, they show some rather convincing trends. By early adulthood, ADHD appears to remain present in at least one third of the subjects. Subjects with prior ADHD did not have more mental problems than controls in adolescence and early adulthood, provided they had normal intelligence, and no additional disabilities or mental disorders. Those with mental retardation, cerebral dysfunction or psychosis in addition to ADHD have a poor prognosis. A high percent become psychotic, and some end up in institutions. Although there seems to be an increased rate of delinquency and lawbreaking in prior hyperactives compared to controls, these differences disappear when the results are analyzed. The initially impressive differences between cases and controls are probably consequences of bias. Cases with a childhood history of conduct and educational problems have been compared to controls without a history of such problems. Thus, the reported differences are not related to ADHD. Hyperactives without conduct problems do not have an increased frequency of delinquency. Problems of conduct, CD and Antisocial Personality Disorder, but not psychosis characterize cases with a childhood history of conduct problems (with or without ADHD). In subjects with ADHD as well as conduct problems in childhood, conduct problems and not ADHD predict the prognosis, which is worse than for those with CD without ADHD. ADHD combined with delinquency indicates a high rate of subsequent lawbreaking. Usually, cases have more problems than controls with alcohol and illicit drugs, but this might be the consequence of selection of cases (subjects with school and conduct problems) and controls (subjects without such problems).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Follow-ups of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Review of literature. 164 37

The purpose of the investigation was to give an account of changes in the concept of minimal brain dysfunction and deduce certain recommendations for professional and social practice. The authors describe the development of consensus regarding the problem of impaired activities and behaviour during childhood based on probable damage of the central nervous system. Analysis of the 8th, 9th and 10th decennial revision of the International Classification of Diseases and DSM III revealed a trend of increasing specification of clinical entities included in the complex of minimal brain dysfunctions. Diagnostic systems are focused on syndromological classification according to specific functions, reduced or impaired by the disorder. Contemporary diagnosis is to an increasing extent based on behavioural signs disorders. The analogous development in Czechoslovak practice is demonstrated on frequency analysis of articles in professional periodicals. It is apparent that social needs emphasize in particular early diagnosis of disorders of school skills. The result of the analysis is evidence of continuous overlapping of specific diagnostic units based on common symptoms (such as mental retardation, developmental disorders, hyperkinetic disorders and behavioural disorders). The authors discuss the problem of comorbidity of the complex of minimal brain dysfunctions and recommend provisions in diagnostic practice. Hypothetically pathogenetic models of the outcome of actual forms of different brain dysfunctions into specific risks or disorders in adult age are proposed.
 ...
PMID:[Changes in the concept of minimal brain dysfunction in modern diagnostic classification and its manifestation in our theory and practice]. 234 89

Literature data on the harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy are reviewed with special emphasis on the fetal growth retardation and delayed changes in child behavior. Intrauterine growth retardation is one of the major causes of low birth weight. It was shown that the birth weight of neonates in smoking mothers can be decreased by 30-396 g. Mass screening data indicate that smoking during pregnancy also increases perinatal mortality (up to 28%). Intrauterine growth retardation was also observed following passive smoking. Inhalation of tobacco smoke by pregnant women was found to increase the fetal heart rate and inhibit fetal movements. Children born from smoking mothers had the higher incidence of asphyxia, cyanosis and hyperactivity. Mass longitudinal studies of children of smoking mothers indicated learning disability, slight mental retardation and insufficient social adaptation by the age of 7 years. Special neurological follow-up study of 326 children revealed frequent minimal brain dysfunction. Pathogenesis of fetal disorders was shown to be associated with impaired adaptation to pregnancy in smoking women. Majority of the constituents of tobacco smoke are capable to pass through the placental-fetal barrier. The most harmful components for fetal development were found to be nicotine and carbon monoxide, which reduce the placental perfusion and blood flow. Exposure to carbon monoxide was shown to increase the level of carboxyhemoglobin and decrease the level of oxyhemoglobin resulting in reduced oxygen supply to fetal tissues and fetal anoxia.
 ...
PMID:[Pathogenesis of fetal growth retardation and behavioral disorders in the progeny caused by smoking during pregnancy]. 265

Determinations were made of the plasma cyclic AM level to examine its relationship with hyperkinesis (Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Scale, WWPAS) and other features of mental disorders in 80 children, of whom 21 had early infantile autism, 15 hyperkinetic mental retardation, 12 minimal brain dysfunction and 32 Down's syndrome. In autistic and hyperkinetic mentally retarded children, the plasma cyclic AMP levels were higher than in normal children and were positively correlated with the WWPAS score. In children with minimal brain dysfunction, the plasma cyclic AMP level was significantly lower than in normal children and was not correlated with the WWPAS score. In children with Down's syndrome, the plasma cyclic AMP level was somewhat higher than in normal children.
 ...
PMID:Plasma cyclic AMP level in psychiatric diseases of childhood. 624 42

A dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out on autistic and other handicapped children to investigate the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA-axis). The subjects were 19 autistic children consisting of 11 relatively well-developed and eight poorly-developed children. The control groups were 26 normal volunteers, 19 patients with schizophrenia and 15 children with mental retardation (MR) or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). The DST procedures followed the Carroll method. As a result, all of the normal volunteers and 19 schizophrenic patients showed normal response (suppressor). Nine of the 11 well-developed autistic children exhibited suppressor, while all of the poorly-developed children showed an abnormal response (non-suppressor). Nine of the 10 children with MR and all of the five children with MBD were suppressor. These results suggest that there might be a dysfunction in the HPA-axis of the poorly-developed autistic children.
 ...
PMID:Dexamethasone suppression test in autistic children. 653 45

This study presents the results of neurological assessments of a representative sample of seven-year-old Swedish children with perceptual, motor and attentional deficits and their controls (N = 141). Among those children diagnosed as suffering from minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), the majority showed neurodevelopmental deviations indicative of the "clumsy child syndrome'. However, 20 per cent had slight signs of choreoathetosis, diparesis, hemiparesis or ataxia. Other associated neurodevelopmental deviations are considered. The correlation between neurological findings and background factors is discussed: the MBD group had higher scores for various "organic' background factors than the comparison children, and the children with neurological syndromes had somewhat higher scores than the remaining children with MBD. The difficulties in distinguishing MBD from mental retardation, cerebral palsy and childhood psychoses is clearly illustrated. Long-term follow-up will indicate the prognostic significance of these findings.
 ...
PMID:Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old children: neurological and neurodevelopmental aspects. 687 93

Twenty-four infantile autistic children were compared with 12 children with other kinds of childhood psychoses, 5 children with so-called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome, 5 children with attention deficit disorder, 14 children with mental retardation, and 19 normal children with regard to chromatographic profiles of urinary products that give ultraviolet absorbency at 280 nm. Six main types of chromatographic patterns emerged. Fifty-four percent of the autistic children and 17% of the children with other psychoses showed a distinct pattern that was not seen in any other cases. Only 8% of the autistic children showed the "normal" pattern seen in 95% of the normal and 93% of the mentally retarded children without psychosis. The ultraviolet absorbency peaks of the chromatograms possibly correspond to peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes. It is argued that these products are probably at least partly of CNS origin.
 ...
PMID:Childhood psychosis and urinary excretion of peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes. 715 98


1 2 Next >>