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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fragile X (FraX) syndrome is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. To see whether FRAXA or FRAXE can account for the etiology of some unexplained neurodevelopmental disorders in children, we screened for trinucleotide repeat expansion in a consecutive cohort of 73 Chinese children and their mothers seen in 1995 (group 1) referred for developmental assessment due to developmental delay, language delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, mental retardation and/or learning disability. We also screened DNA samples of all five previously diagnosed cytogenetically-positive FraX boys, their mothers and sisters (group 2). A control group of unrelated teenagers and adults were recruited from the community (group 3). In group 1, 3 families (2 mothers and a mother and her son) were found to carry a small premutation allele at FRAXA (premutation frequency = 2%, 3/153 independent X chromosomes), but none had any expansion at FRAXE. In group 2, all 5 FraX boys had full mutation at FRAXA and normal repeat length at FRAXE. In group 3, 1 male has a premutation allele out of 18 males and 59 females tested (premutation frequency of control = 0.7%, 1 out of 136 X chromosomes). For FRAXE screening in group 3, 2 females were carriers (1.5%, 2 out of 136 X chromosomes). Thus, FRAXA and FRAXE cannot account for the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders in our cohort of Chinese children, and the prevalence of FRAXE mutation in normal Chinese population appears to be higher than reported in the Caucasians.
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PMID:DNA diagnosis of FRAXA and FRAXE in Chinese children with neurodevelopmental disorders and fragile X syndrome. 963 71

Attempts have been made to establish objective diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders in persons with mental retardation. This paper describes the clinical features of the most important psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded adolescents: mood disorders, psychotic disorders, severe behavioral disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. The impact of mental retardation on personality development is confirmed by the high psychopathological vulnerability of the mentally retarded. All types of mental disorders can be observed, with an incidence estimated to be at least three or four times higher than in the general population. Adolescence is a particularly important phase for the mentally retarded, since adolescent turmoil can increase the risk of psychopathology.
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PMID:Psychiatric illness in mentally retarded adolescents: clinical features. 970 28

Present study was carried out at child guidance clinic of Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi. Sample consisted of 300 children (175 boys and 125 girls of aged 2-12 years) from November, 1994 to October, 1996. Diagnoses were made by using ICD-10 criteria. The major diagnoses were mental retardation (20.6%), epilepsy (20%), hysterical conversion reaction (6.3%), ADHD (5%) and childhood depression (6%).
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PMID:Prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity in children. 1032 95

Twenty-nine high-risk preterm born children, from a cohort with cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements in the first 2 d of life, were examined prospectively at the age of 5.5-7 y neurologically, neuropsychologically and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They were compared to 57 control children in terms of neurology and neuropsychology. Abnormal MRI was found in 19 children. Low oxygen delivery to the brain was found in 63% of them, in contrast to 12.5% in those with normal MRI, indicating neonatal hypoxia-ischemia as an important factor. The MRI abnormalities were mainly periventricular lesions (n = 19), especially periventricular leucomalacia (PVL, n = 17). Three of the very preterm children had severe cerebellar atrophy in addition to relatively mild periventricular abnormalities. MRI showed specific morphological correlates for the major disabilities, e.g. spastic CP (involvement of motor tracts), mental retardation (bilateral extensive white matter reduction or cerebellar atrophy) and severe visual impairment (severe optic radiation involvement). A morphological correlate for minor disabilities, i.e. functional variations in motor performance or intelligence, was not found, with the exception that symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were related to mild MRI abnormalities. This could mean that with respect to cognitive functions, mild or unilateral periventricular MRI lesions could be compensated. However, as among preterms without mental retardation (n = 19), IQ was generally and significantly lower than in the control group; other, more chronic pathogenetic factors, not detectable by MRI alone, may play a role.
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PMID:Brain lesions in preterms: origin, consequences and compensation. 1050 92

Psychiatric morbidity patterns in preschool children attending a general hospital psychiatric clinic were studied. No psychiatric problem was detected in 48% of the sample, epilepsy being the diagnosis in more than half of these children. Common psychiatric problems were mental retardation (27%), breath-holding spells (11%) and hyperkinetic syndrome (7%). Emotional and behavioral problems, and habit disorders, which are quite common in this age group, were poorly represented in the clinic sample. It appears that mental retardation and epilepsy are the only two main disorders usually perceived by Indian parents as psychiatric problems in preschool age group.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in preschool children--a clinic based study. 1082 47

mental retardation: timing and thresholds; (italic)b(/italic)) endocrine dysfunction and developmental disabilities: dose and target implications; (italic)c(/italic)) attention-deficit disorder-ADHD and learning disabilities; and (italic)d(/italic)) new horizons: extending the boundaries. Support for the Rochester conference came from both public and private sources. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the EPA represented the federal government. The conference also received grants from several foundations: the Jennifer Altman Foundation, the Heinz Family Foundation, the National Alliance for Autism Research, the Violence Research Foundation, the Wacker Foundation, and the Winslow Foundation. The second of these conferences helped launch a new Center for Children's Health and the Environment at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. It was held in New York City on 24-25 May 1999, and was convened specifically to consider the intersection between neurodevelopmental impairment, environmental chemicals, and prevention. Over 300 health scientists, pediatricians, and public health professionals examined the growing body of evidence linking environmental toxins to neurobehavioral disorders. The conference title was Environmental Influences on Children: Brain, Development, and Behavior. The conference began by reviewing well-known examples of deleterious effects of environmental chemicals, including lead and PCBs, on children's brains. The conferees then considered the potential impact of environmental chemicals on neurological disorders with particular focus on ADHD, autism, and Parkinson's disease. The inclusion of Parkinson's disease was intended to signal the notion that exposures in early life may have an influence on the evolution of neurological disease in later life. Support for the Mount Sinai conference came from the Superfund Basic Research Program (NIEHS); The Pew Charitable Trusts; the Institute for Health and the Environment at the University of Albany School of Public Health; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Research (ATSDR); the Ambulatory Pediatric Association; Myron A. Mehlman, PhD; the National Center for Environmental Assessment (EPA); the National Center for Environmental Health (CDC); the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; the Office of Children's Health Protection (EPA); Physicians for Social Responsibility; The New York Academy of Medicine; The New York Community Trust; and the Wallace Genetic Foundation. The impact of environmental toxins on children's health has become a topic of major concern in the federal government. Eight new research centers in children's environmental health have been established in the past 2 years with joint funding from EPA and NIEHS. Clinical units that specialize in the treatment of children with environmentally induced illness have been developed across the nation with grant support from ATSDR. The American Academy of Pediatrics has just published its (italic)Handbook of Pediatric Environmental Health (/italic)((italic)17(/italic)), the "Green Book," which is available to pediatricians throughout the Americas. Children's environmental health has climbed to a critical position as we launch the new millennium. This monograph marks a significant milestone in the evolution of this emerging discipline.
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PMID:The developing brain and the environment: an introduction. 1085 30

A variety of behavioral and emotional problems have been associated with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) in children of average intellect. In contrast, little is known about concomitant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation. In this study, we used the Personality Inventory for Children-Revised to assess the behavioral adjustment of 48 children with mental retardation and ADHD compared to that of 47 children with mental retardation without ADHD. The ADHD group had significantly more symptoms of depression, family conflict, noncompliance, anxiety, hyperactivity, inadequate social skills, and academic problems. Results are strongly suggestive of significant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation, thus mirroring the pattern associated with ADHD in the general school-age population.
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PMID:Patterns of behavioral adjustment and maladjustment in mental retardation: comparison of children with and without ADHD. 1093 66

Based on cases that had been excluded from a previous clinical study of Sotos syndrome, Cole and Hughes [1991: Am J Med Genet 41:115-124] reported a new syndrome associated with marked obesity, occasional delayed bone age, distinctive facial anomalies, mental retardation, and progressive postnatal macrocephaly in the context of autosomal dominant familial macrocephaly. Subsequently, Stevenson et al. [1997: Lancet 349:1744-1745] emphasized the association of progressive postnatal macrocephaly with autism, and they suggested that this might comprise a recognizable autism syndrome. We report two additional patients with Cole-Hughes syndrome and associated autistic characteristics with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These patients seem to manifest a distinctive behavioral phenotype associated with Cole-Hughes syndrome and they manifest a distinct subgroup of persons with autism that may ultimately shed light on the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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PMID:Cole-Hughes macrocephaly syndrome and associated autistic manifestations. 1098 71

Providing dental services for children with mental retardation is complicated further for those youngsters with the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A general introduction into these conditions is presented in an effort to extend practitioner awareness and ability to provide needed care.
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PMID:You may be treating children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactive disorder in your dental practice. 1099 38

The present Swedish health surveillance programme includes 15 examinations by a nurse, 5 examinations by a physician, 7 assessments of development, 2 assessments of hearing and 1 assessment of visual acuity. The WHO criteria for evaluation of screening programmes can be applied to the Swedish health surveillance programme. These criteria state that the health problem must be important, that there should be an early phase during which the condition is only detectable by medical professionals and that treatment at an early phase should favourably affect the prognosis. The quality of evidence for fulfilment of these criteria has been graded I-III. Grade II-2 refers to evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytical studies. The following disorders might be affected by health surveillance at child health centres: amblyopia, ADHD/DAMP, failure to thrive, cerebral palsy, congenital heart failure, congenital luxation of hip, hearing impairment (severe or moderate), mental retardation, retentio testis and hydrocephalus. None of these conditions fulfils the WHO criteria with quality of evidence grade II-2 or better. Thus the evidence for the present Swedish health surveillance programmed is problematic.
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PMID:Quality of evidence for the present Swedish child health surveillance programme. 1105 11


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