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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the aim of evaluating the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in neurologic pediatric patients with severe motor and/or psychiatric involvement, a retrospective study of 140 infants followed at the Neuropediatric Unit was realized. Forty-five patients (32.1%) had moderate to severe mental retardation (ms RR), 21 of these patients had associated tetraparetic cerebral palsy (T-CP). The rest of the infants presented variable degrees of neurologic involvement: 25 diplegic (D-CP), 27 hemiparetic (H-CP), 22 with slight mental retardation or borderline IQ without motor deficit (SMR), and 21 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD-H). The diagnosis of GER was based on clinical symptomatology and barium ingestion with fluoroscopy and/or esophagoscopy. GER was confirmed in 27 patients: 19 (90.5%) with T-CP, 6 (25%) with ms-MR and 2 (8%) with D-CP. The rest of the infants did not have GER. There was a very significant difference in the frequency of GER in the T-CP group with respect to the other groups (p < 0.001) and a significant difference in the ms-MR patients with respect to the other groups (p < 0.05). The treatment of GER was surgical in ten patients (37%), after failure of medical treatment in 8; exclusively medical treatment in 10 cases (37%) and postural and dietetic treatment in 7 (26%) patients. Good control of GER, resulting in an improvement in the quality of life, occurred in 90% of the patients treated surgically and only in 55% of the patients treated medically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Gastroesophageal reflux in pediatric neurologic patients]. 846 Aug 41

Attention deficits have been demonstrated in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the general population, but little is known about attention deficits in children with ADHD who also have mental retardation. In this investigation, children with ADHD and mental retardation were compared to those with mental retardation without ADHD on tasks assessing sustained and selective attention. Although children with ADHD and mental retardation made fewer correct target detections and more commissions on a vigilance task, no compelling evidence emerged for sustained attention deficits. However, evidence did emerge that was suggestive of selective attention deficits in these children. Results also suggest that girls with mental retardation may be at a higher risk for ADHD than are girls in the general population.
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PMID:Comparison of sustained and selective attention in children who have mental retardation with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 873 73

Mental retardation (MR) is generally considered one of the main complications of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). However, psychometric studies of NDI patients are scarce and outdated. In the present study, 17 male NDI patients underwent psychological evaluation. Total intelligence quotient of 14 patients was within (n = 13) or above (n = 1) the normal range, 1 patient had an intelligence score between -1 and -2 standard deviations (S.D.) and 2 young patients had a general cognitive index more than 2 S.D. below the norm. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder criteria were met by 8 out of 17 patients and scores on short-term memory were low in 7 out of 10. No relation between test performances and age at diagnosis or hypernatremia could be found, with the exception of a negative correlation between age at start of therapy and verbal IQ in one age group. Although several explanations for an association between MR and NDI can be postulated, it seems that the current prevalence of MR among patients with this disease is considerably lower than suggested in literature.
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PMID:Cognitive and psychosocial functioning of patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 874 26

Fourteen patients from six families have been reported in which microcephaly occurs in conjunction with lymphoedema, with no evidence of mental retardation or serious neurological disabilities. Chorioretinal dysplasia was noted in a small number of affected individuals. Inheritance was either autosomal dominant or X-linked and the question has been raised whether all these cases represent one entity or separate syndromes. We report the 7th family with two affected sibs of different sex. Developmental testing revealed normal to borderline intelligence associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The suggested mode of inheritance in this family is autosomal recessive. X-linked dominant inheritance cannot be ruled out, however, since the male was more severely involved than the female. We concur with previous authors that the association of microcephaly and lymphoedema is a distinct genetic syndrome and we propose to name this entity the 'microcephaly-lymphoedema syndrome'.
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PMID:The microcephaly-lymphoedema syndrome: report of an additional family. 886 59

A total population of 589 6-year-old children were screened for neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders by questionnaires to parents and preschool teachers, and by examination of motor abilities at the Child Health Center. Fifty screen-positive and fifty screen-negative children were assigned for complete neuropsychiatric assessment comprising a detailed history, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental assessment, neuropsychological examination and speech/language evaluation. Comprehensive diagnoses were made on the basis of all the available information. In the total population, 63 children (10.7%) with disorders were identified, 10 of whom had a diagnosis established before the study. The prevalence rates for deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) were 5.3 to 6.9%, for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) they were 2.4 to 4.0% and for mental retardation, 2.5%. Co-morbidity was established for ADHD on the one hand and DAMP, mental retardation and Tourette syndrome on the other. The findings suggest the need for a school entrant screening examination for the types of problems examined in this study.
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PMID:ADHD, DAMP and other neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders in 6-year-old children: epidemiology and co-morbidity. 887 Jun 11

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of methylphenidate (0.4 mg/kgday) and different doses of fenfluramine (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/g/day) in children with mental retardation or borderline IQ and ADHD was conducted. Parents, teachers, examiners, and physicians rated the children. There were relatively few significant drug effects by condition. When the optimal fenfluramine dose for each child was compared with placebo and methylphenidate, significant improvements occurred for fenfluramine on several parent and teacher subscales; teachers rated the children as somewhat improved with methylphenidate. The highest dose of fenfluramine produced more behavior compliance but apparently at the cost of cognitive efficiency. Most side effects (drowsiness, dizziness, anorexia) occurred with fenfluramine. Both drugs appear to be effective treatments for children with ADHD and mental retardation, although there is a possible neurotoxic action with fenfluramine. We recommend a gradual phase-in of fenfluramine dosage, up to 1.5 mg/kg/day, for most children.
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PMID:Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and borderline IQ: clinical effects. 908 8

Eighteen children classified in four diagnostic groups--Infantile Autism, Full Syndrome Present (IA), Infantile Autism, Residual State (IA-R), Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HYPER), and Mental Retardation (MR)--were mutually compared on the basis of their behavior in a free child-adult interaction. An ethological analysis of 80 behavioral elements was performed, aiming at describing this interaction in detail. The analysis demonstrated that the autistic children with full syndrome present stayed closer to the adult and that they were more inclined to decrease the interpersonal distance than the children in the three other groups. Moreover, this group was often engaged in bodily contact with the adult. However, their facial orientation towards the adult was poorly developed, in fact they usually turned away their faces. Visual attention to the adult and manipulated objects was relatively low. Hand and head gestures were rare, but facial expressions occurred very frequently. Speech was seriously impaired, but probably counterbalanced by nonarticulated sounds. Finally, the adult seemed to have modified her behavior on a par with the child she was interacting with. From a behavioral point of view the autistic group with full syndrome present was clearly distinguishable from the three comparison groups, including the group with residual state autism.
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PMID:Behavioral aspects of infantile autism: an ethological description. 925 91

Fifty-two children (ages 7 to 14 years) with moderate retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate (MPH). Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up. While 72% of the sample evidenced improvement, over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners. In fact, 22% of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up. Finally, subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings. The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation of borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties.
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PMID:Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. 930 45

Thyroid hormones are essential for normal behavioral, intellectual, and neurological development. Congenital hypothyroidism, if not treated, can result in irreversible mental retardation, whereas thyroid diseases with more moderate impairment of thyroid function, such as resistance to thyroid hormone, cause less severe intellectual and behavioral abnormalities, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. There is increasing evidence that exposure to certain synthetic compounds, including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), during the perinatal period can also impair learning, memory, and attentional processes in offspring. Animal and human studies suggest that exposure to these environmental toxicants impair normal thyroid function. Although the precise mechanisms of action of the adverse effects these toxicants have on neurodevelopment have not yet been elucidated, it is possible that they are partially or predominantly mediated by alterations in hormone binding to the thyroid hormone receptor. The convergence of studies that examine the neurodevelopmental consequences of moderate impairment of thyroid function, such as is found in resistance to thyroid hormone, with those studies that demonstrate the adverse behavioral and cognitive effects of perinatal exposure to dioxins and PCBs serves to generate new hypotheses to test in a research setting. Such studies may provide new insights into the basic pathogenesis of developmental neurotoxicity following exposure to thyroid-disrupting synthetic compounds.
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PMID:Resistance to thyroid hormone: implications for neurodevelopmental research on the effects of thyroid hormone disruptors. 946 Jan 71

Although psychotropic drugs are prescribed relatively often for childhood psychiatric and seizure disorders, relatively little is known about their use in everyday clinical settings--with the exception of children with ADHD and individuals with mental retardation. A legion of methodological and logistical obstacles are encountered when trying to gather information about pharmacotherapy for children, and this has often limited data collection to institutional settings or highly restricted geographic areas. Although initial efforts to study the extent of drug therapy focused primarily on the number of individuals receiving treatment and secondarily on drug dose, the breadth of topics quickly expanded to include numerous issues pertaining to the way psychotherapeutic agents are prescribed, evaluated, and monitored in typical clinical situations. This article presents an overview of treatment prevalence studies conducted during the past three decades and reviews a variety of clinical concerns raised by researchers in pediatric psychopharmacoepidemiology. The most salient findings from these studies are: (a) medication use continues to increase, (b) treatment prevalence rates in residential programs continue to be very high (40%-60%), and (c) many researchers continue to be concerned about the quality of treatment practices. The methodologies of this field show considerable promise for addressing pressing issues in health care for children and adolescents with emotional or behavioral disorders.
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PMID:An overview of three decades of research in pediatric psychopharmacoepidemiology. 954 94


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