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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autistic children with an IQ below 70 and with an IQ above 70 were systematically compared. The two groups differed somewhat in the pattern of symptoms, but were closely similar in terms of the main phenomena specifically associated with autism. However, the low IQ and high IQ autistic children differed more substantially in terms of other symptoms such as self-injury and stereotypies and there were major differences in outcome. The possibility that the nature of the autistic disorder may differ according to the presence or absence of associated mental retardation needs to be taken into account in planning studies of etiology.
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PMID:Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children. 98 85

The importance of X fragile chromosome in mental retardation is outlined. Two male patients with a low IQ are studied. They were brothers and their mother too was non mental retarded cytogenetically X fragile positive.
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PMID:[The fragile X chromosome and psychiatry]. 129 5

Neuropsychological studies were performed in 82 subjects of 12 families with x-linked, fragile X negative, mental retardation (MR). Subjects were examined with Wechsler tests (WPPSI, WISC-R or WAIS, according to their capabilities), Progressive Matrices, Bender or Santucci and memory tests. Physical findings in 5 families were characterised by micro-orchidism (MiO), microcephaly (MiC), short stature (SS) and non-specific facial features (XMR +/- MiO +/- MiC +/- SS). The 11 males with MR had a very low IQ, ranging from 13 to 37 (mean 21.2 +/- 8.8); this did not constitute a profile definition. Among the females of their families, 4 had subnormal or borderline IQ, respectively 74, 66, 38 and 37. A second group (2 families) had MiO but with normal stature and occipito-frontal circumference (XMR +/- MiO). The 7 males with MR had an IQ ranging from 24 to 43 (mean 35.1 +/- 5.8) and showed frequently better results in performance than in verbal subtests. In these 2 families, 5 females had subnormal or borderline IQ, respectively 77, 72, 71, 70 and 20. In the 5 families of the third group, XMR +/- MaO (fraX-), several affected males had macro-orchidism (MaO) and facial changes similar to those of fragile X syndrome. IQ variability, also in the same family (e.g.: the 3 brothers of family 3 had, respectively, an IQ of 26, 28 and 68; and 2 brothers of family 1 had an IQ of 13 and 63) and different profiles. Two females were severely affected (IQ 16 and 24), while another 4 had an IQ, respectively, of 63, 69, 71 and 72.
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PMID:Neuropsychological studies in families with fragile-X negative X-linked mental retardation. 160 34

Early diagnosis and treatment is extremely important in patients with congenital hypothyroidism to prevent mental retardation. Late diagnosis in children with congenital hypothyroidism results in a poor developmental outcome with low IQ and poor educational and occupational abilities. General practitioners and paediatricians should try to diagnose congenital hypothyroidism early, so that treatment can be initiated as soon as possible. The importance of a neonatal screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism is emphasized.
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PMID:Congenital hypothyroidism in Singapore: prescreening era. 245 58

Fifty-eight cases of West syndrome (eight idiopathic, 50 secondary) have been followed-up for a mean period of 5 years 5 months. The relationship has been studied between intellectual status at the final follow-up and the following variables: etiology, age of onset, neurological examination and developmental assessment at the onset, CT scan findings, short-term effect of ACTH treatment, and age of acquiring four developmental milestones (sitting unsupported, walking unsupported, uttering the first specific word and using a sentence of two words). Developmental and/or neurological abnormalities before the onset of the spasms, symptomatic etiology and abnormal CT findings are associated with a low IQ at the final follow-up. The age for sitting unsupported and for walking unsupported has proved to be not predictive of intellectual outcome, but the speech development data have shown a highly significant relationship with intellectual development. Early identification of the children with mental retardation has turned out to be superior to prediction of normal mental outcome.
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PMID:Mental outcome in West syndrome: prognostic value of some clinical factors. 303 89

Pennsylvania pediatricians were interrogated through a questionnaire about their referral practices with and attitudes toward mildly and moderately delayed preschool children. Whereas most sought a diagnostic evaluation for those children functioning at half their chronological age, they did not refer less seriously retarded youngsters during the preschool years, despite favorable support for early intervention. The reluctance to diagnose and label may result from pediatricians' perceptions of what mental retardation means. For the most part, the respondents have the view-at variance with major organizational definitions-that retardation implies neurological dysfunction and a chronic irreversible status. Low IQ secondary to emotional or social conditions, on the other hand, is not perceived as retardation, and is considered remediable. The attitudes and practices are discussed in light of empirical research outcomes with handicapped children and the fixity of organically determined deficits.
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PMID:Referral practices and attitudes of pediatricians toward young mentally retarded children. 358 78

The authors evaluated the effects of a home-based parent training program for mothers with mental retardation on the language development of their children who were at risk for language delay. The participants, 28 mothers labelled mentally retarded with children under 28 months of age, initially showed significantly fewer positive mother-child interactions and child vocalizations and verbalizations than did a comparison group of 38 families with children of similar age whose mothers were not mentally retarded. The 28 mothers with low IQ were then matched on child entry age and randomly assigned to either an interaction training or attention-control group (this group received training in safety and emergency skills unrelated to interactions). Interaction training consisted of verbal instruction, modelling, feedback, and tangible reinforcement. After training, the training group scores were no longer lower than those of the comparison group of mothers without mental retardation and were also significantly higher than the scores of the attention-control group on all maternal positive interactions, child vocalizations, verbalizations, and language and social domains of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Speech emerged significantly sooner in the training group as compared to the control group. The training group parents and children maintained improvements up to 82 weeks following training, and the attention-control group, when subsequently trained, replicated the original training group results. Thus, home-based parent training increased positive maternal interactions of mothers with mental retardation, which facilitated language development in their young children.
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PMID:Effectiveness of home-based early intervention on the language development of children of mothers with mental retardation. 823 58

We compared with a family history method the rate of cognitive disabilities (CD) in 156 first-degree relatives of 49 autistic (AU) probands to that found in 55 first-degree relatives of 18 mentally retarded (MR) probands. Broadly defined CD were found in, respectively, 17 and 16% of the relatives of the AU and MR probands. However, the characteristics of the probands associated with a family history of CD are different in AU and MR: Female and low IQ AU probands have more first-degree relatives with CD. Our findings suggest that a positive family history of CD is not specific to autism when compared to mental retardation. The observation that female and low IQ probands have higher family history of CD may suggest heterogeneity within autistic children and provides leads for future family studies.
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PMID:Family history of cognitive disabilities in first-degree relatives of autistic and mentally retarded children. 910 67

Childhood-onset partial epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplastic lesions (FCDLs) is often severe. A few patients reported with a favorable outcome had a normal neuropsychological examination, and FCDLs were always localized around the opercular region, suggesting that extent and location of the lesion may account for the favorable outcome. We report two patients with extraopercular FCDLs, who had a spontaneous remission of their childhood-onset epilepsy, despite a severe neurological deficit. A 22-year-old girl (patient 1) and a 16-year-old boy (patient 2), began to have partial seizures at the age of 9 years and 1 year respectively. On neurological examination, patient 1 had left hemiparesis and patient 2 had low IQ. Interictal EEG recordings revealed repetitive epileptiform discharges involving the right temporo-parietal or frontal areas in patients 1 and 2 respectively. MRI study showed focal cortical thickening or abnormal gyration located over the right parietal and frontal region respectively in patients 1 and 2, but failed to evidence T2 prolongation in the white matter beneath the dysplastic cortex. Optimal antiepileptic regimen always stopped seizures. Their long-term course was favorable, with remission of the seizures and normalization of EEG recordings, even 4-5 years after medication withdrawal. In conclusion, FCDLs may cause epilepsy with a benign course even in patient with mental retardation or neurological abnormalities. This may be related to a morphologically milder dysplastic lesion than found in patients with FCDLs and severe epilepsy.
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PMID:Spontaneous remission of childhood epilepsy in two patients with focal extraopercular cortical dysplasia. 933 72

Learning awareness, including semantic content, response strategy, processing strategy, summarization, and memory in the classroom, were examined in students with mental retardation. From urban schools in Japan special high school students with average IQ of 60 (n = 40) and students with normal intellectual capacity matched on mental (n = 40) and chronological age (n = 40) were administered a 16-item Learning Awareness Questionnaire. Students of low IQ on the Tanaka-Binet test obtained lower scores on semantic content and memory strategies than chronological or mental age-matched controls, but not on response and processing. Scores indicated that students of low IQ may be equally aware of learning processes related to response and processing strategies.
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PMID:Responses of low-IQ students on the learning awareness questionnaire compared to students matched on mental and chronological age. 1061 74


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