Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sotos syndrome (SoS) is characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth with advanced bone age; a dysmorphic face with macrocephaly and pointed chin; large hands and feet; mental retardation; and possible susceptibility to tumors. It has been shown that the major cause of SoS is haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35, because the majority of patients had either a common microdeletion including NSD1 or a truncated type of point mutation in NSD1. In the present study, we traced the parental origin of the microdeletions in 26 patients with SoS by the use of 16 microsatellite markers at or flanking the commonly deleted region. Deletions in 18 of the 20 informative cases occurred in the paternally derived chromosome 5, whereas those in the maternally derived chromosome were found in only two cases. Haplotyping analysis of the marker loci revealed that the paternal deletion in five of seven informative cases and the maternal deletion in one case arose through an intrachromosomal rearrangement, and two other cases of the paternal deletion involved an interchromosomal event, suggesting that the common microdeletion observed in SoS did not occur through a uniform mechanism but preferentially arose prezygotically.
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PMID:Preferential paternal origin of microdeletions caused by prezygotic chromosome or chromatid rearrangements in Sotos syndrome. 1268 2

Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome characterised by pre- and postnatal overgrowth, macrocephaly, advanced bone age, and typical facial features. Weaver syndrome is a closely related condition characterised by a distinctive craniofacial appearance, advanced carpal maturation, widened distal long bones, and camptodactyly. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene has recently been reported as the major cause of Sotos syndrome while point mutations accounted for a minority of cases. We looked for NSD1 deletions or mutations in 39 patients with childhood overgrowth. The series included typical Sotos patients (23/39), Sotos-like patients (lacking one major criteria, 10/39), and Weaver patients (6/39). We identified NSD1 deletions (6/33) and intragenic mutations (16/33) in Sotos syndrome patients. We also identified NSD1 intragenic mutations in 3/6 Weaver patients. We conclude therefore that NSD1 mutations account for most cases of Sotos syndrome and a significant number of Weaver syndrome cases in our series. Interestingly, mental retardation was consistently more severe in patients with NSD1 deletions. Macrocephaly and facial gestalt but not overgrowth and advanced bone age were consistently observed in Sotos syndrome patients. We suggest therefore considering macrocephaly and facial gestalt as mandatory criteria for the diagnosis of Sotos syndrome and overgrowth and advanced bone age as minor criteria.
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PMID:Spectrum of NSD1 mutations in Sotos and Weaver syndromes. 1280 65

Sotos syndrome (SoS) is an autosomal dominant overgrowth syndrome with characteristic craniofacial dysmorphic features and various degrees of mental retardation. We previously showed that haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene is the major cause of SoS, and submicroscopic deletions at 5q35, including NSD1, were found in about a half (20/42) of our patients examined. Since the first report, an additional 70 SoS cases consisting of 53 Japanese and 17 non-Japanese have been analyzed. We found 50 microdeletions (45%) and 16 point mutations (14%) among all the 112 cases. A large difference in the frequency of microdeletions between Japanese and non-Japanese patients was noted: 49 (52%) of the 95 Japanese patients and only one (6%) of the 17 non-Japanese had microdeletions. A sequence-based physical map was constructed to characterize the microdeletions. Most of the microdeletions were confirmed to be identical by FISH analysis. We identified highly homologous sequences, i.e., possible low copy repeats (LCRs), in regions flanking proximal and distal breakpoints of the common deletion, This suggests that LCRs may mediate the deletion. Such LCRs seem to be present in different populations. Thus the different frequency of microdeletions between Japanese and non-Japanese cases in our study may have been caused by patient-selection bias.
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PMID:Fifty microdeletions among 112 cases of Sotos syndrome: low copy repeats possibly mediate the common deletion. 1451 49

Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth, macrocephaly, advanced bone age, variable degrees of mental retardation, and typical facial features. Defects of the NSD1 gene account for >or=60% of cases of Sotos syndrome, whereas the disease-causing mechanism of other cases remains unknown. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a distinct overgrowth condition characterized by macroglossia, abdominal-wall defects, visceromegaly, embryonic tumors, hemihyperplasia, ear anomalies, renal anomalies, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Deregulation of imprinted growth-regulatory genes within the 11p15 region is the major cause of BWS, whereas the molecular defect underlying a significant proportion of sporadic BWS cases remains unknown. Owing to clinical overlaps between the two syndromes, we investigated whether unexplained cases of Sotos syndrome could be related to 11p15 anomalies and, conversely, whether unexplained BWS cases could be related to NSD1 deletions or mutations. Two 11p15 anomalies were identified in a series of 20 patients with Sotos syndrome, and two NSD1 mutations were identified in a series of 52 patients with BWS. These results suggest that the two disorders may have more similarities than previously thought and that NSD1 could be involved in imprinting of the chromosome 11p15 region.
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PMID:Paradoxical NSD1 mutations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and 11p15 anomalies in Sotos syndrome. 1499 21

This paper describes the isolation of a novel human gene, NSD1, from the 5q35 breakpoint of t(5;8)(q35; q24.1) in a patient with Sotos syndrome, and NSD1 mutation analysis. Of 112 (95 Japanese and 17 non-Japanese) patients analyzed, 16 (14%) had a heterozygous NSD1 point mutation (10 protein truncation types and six missense types) and 50 (45%) a approximately 0.7-Mb microdeletion involving NSD1. The results indicated that haploinsufficiency of NSD1 is the major cause of Sotos syndrome, and NSD1 plays a role in growth and brain development in humans. Detailed clinical examinations provided a genotype-phenotype correlation in Sotos syndrome, i.e. in patients with deletions, overgrowth is less obvious and mental retardation is more severe than in those with point mutations, and major anomalies were exclusively seen in the former. The results also indicated that Sotos syndrome due to a deletion falls into a contiguous gene syndrome, while Sotos syndrome due to an NSD1 point mutation is a single gene defect, occasionally with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The genomic structure around the deleted and flanking regions revealed the presence of two sets of low copy repeats through which the microdeletion in Sotos syndrome is mediated.
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PMID:Molecular basis of Sotos syndrome. 1553 1

Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a congenital dysmorphic disorder characterized by overgrowth in childhood, distinctive craniofacial features, and mental retardation. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene owing to either intragenic mutations or microdeletions is known to be the major cause of SoS. The common approximately 2.2-Mb microdeletion encompasses the whole NSD1 gene and neighboring genes and is flanked by low-copy repeats (LCRs). Here, we report the identification of a 3.0-kb major recombination hotspot within these LCRs, in which we mapped deletion breakpoints in 78.7% (37/47) of patients with SoS who carry the common microdeletion. The deletion size was subsequently refined to 1.9 Mb. Sequencing of breakpoint fragments from all 37 patients revealed junctions between a segment of the proximal LCR (PLCR-B) and the corresponding region of the distal LCR (DLCR-2B). PLCR-B and DLCR-2B are the only directly oriented regions, whereas the remaining regions of the PLCR and DLCR are in inverted orientation. The PLCR, with a size of 394.0 kb, and the DLCR, with a size of of 429.8 kb, showed high overall homology (approximately 98.5%), with an increased sequence similarity (approximately 99.4%) within the 3.0-kb breakpoint cluster. Several recombination-associated motifs were identified in the hotspot and/or its vicinity. Interestingly, a 10-fold average increase of a translin motif, as compared with the normal distribution within the LCRs, was recognized. Furthermore, a heterozygous inversion of the interval between the LCRs was detected in all fathers of the children carrying a deletion in the paternally derived chromosome. The functional significance of these findings remains to be elucidated. Segmental duplications of the primate genome play a major role in chromosomal evolution. Evolutionary study showed that the duplication of the SoS LCRs occurred 23.3-47.6 million years ago, before the divergence of Old World monkeys.
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PMID:Identification of a 3.0-kb major recombination hotspot in patients with Sotos syndrome who carry a common 1.9-Mb microdeletion. 1558 May 47

Sotos syndrome (Sos) is an overgrowth disorder also characterized clinically by mental retardation, specific craniofacial features and advanced bone age. As NSD1 haploinsufficiency was determined in 2002 to be the major cause of Sos, many intragenic mutations and chromosomal microdeletions involving the entire NSD1 gene have been described. In the Japanese population, half of the cases analyzed appear to have a common microdeletion; however, in the European population, deletion cases account for only 9%. Blast analysis of the Sos genomic region on 5q35 revealed two complex mosaic low-copy repeats (LCRs) that are centromeric and telomeric to NSD1. We termed these proximal Sos-REP (Sos-PREP, approximately 390 kb) and distal Sos-REP (Sos-DREP, approximately 429 kb), respectively. On the basis of the analysis of DNA sequence, we determined the size, structure, orientation and extent of sequence identity of these LCRs. We found that Sos-PREP and Sos-DREP are composed of six subunits termed A-F. Each of the homologous subunits, with the exception of one, is located in an inverted orientation and the order of subunits is different between the two Sos-REPs. Only the subunit C' in Sos-DREP is oriented directly with respect to the subunit C in Sos-PREP. These latter C' and C subunits are greater than 99% identical. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis in eight Sos patients with a common deletion, we detected an approximately 550 kb junction fragment that we predicted according to the non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mechanism using directly oriented Sos-PREP C and Sos-DREP C' subunits as substrates. This patient specific junction fragment was not present in 51 Japanese and non-Japanese controls. Subsequently, using long-range PCR with restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing, we identified a 2.5 kb unequal crossover hotspot region in six out of nine analyzed Sos patients with the common deletion. Our data are consistent with an NAHR mechanism for generation of the Sos common deletion.
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PMID:Sotos syndrome common deletion is mediated by directly oriented subunits within inverted Sos-REP low-copy repeats. 1564 Feb 45

Sotos syndrome belongs to the family of overgrowth syndromes and is characterized by large head circumference, craniofacial anomalies, advanced bone age and mental retardation. The syndrome is due to haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene, consisting of 23 exons with an open reading frame of 8088bp, which makes mutation screening by direct sequencing quite a laborious and expensive task. We have developed a dHPLC screening protocol for mutation detection in NSD1 and identified 9 novel mutations among 33 patients, thus achieving a mutation detection efficiency comparable to direct sequencing. A real-time quantitative PCR approach identified two patients with NSD1 deletions. Our mutation screen is compared to other studies and all published mutations and polymorphisms are summarized.
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PMID:dHPLC screening of the NSD1 gene identifies nine novel mutations--summary of the first 100 Sotos syndrome mutations. 1572 Mar 3

Here, we report the clinical and molecular analysis of 75 patients with overgrowth and mental retardation, including 45 previously reported cases [Rio et al., 2003; Baujat et al., 2004]. Two groups are distinguished: group I corresponding to patients with recognizable overgrowth syndromes (Sotos syndrome (SS), Weaver syndrome (WS), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), and del(22)(qter) syndrome) (60 cases) and group II corresponding to unclassified cases (15 patients). We investigated NSD1 and GPC3 deletions or mutations, 11p15 abnormalities, and 22qter deletions. Surprisingly, in Group I, two SS patients had 11p15 abnormalities and two patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome had NSD1 aberrations. In group II, two cases of del(22)(qter) were identified but neither NSD1, 11p15, nor GPC3 abnormalities were detected. These results emphasize the clinical and molecular overlap in overgrowth conditions.
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PMID:Clinical and molecular overlap in overgrowth syndromes. 1601 Jun 74

Tall stature is less often experienced as an important problem than short stature. However, a correct diagnosis may be of eminent importance, especially when interventions are planned, or to know the natural history. Overgrowth can be caused by endocrine disorders and skeletal dysplasias, but also by several genetic syndromes. Despite a systematic diagnostic approach, there will be patients with tall stature who do not fit a known diagnosis. In this group of patients possibilities of genetic analysis do exist, but are not common practice. The FMR1 gene should be analyzed in patients with tall stature and mental retardation, and in these patients the NSD1 gene can be considered whenever some features of Sotos syndrome do exist. In tall patients without mental retardation and some features of Sotos or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome it may still be useful to look for mutations in the NSD1 gene, but also for changes in the 11p15 region. The various possibilities are discussed and placed in a flowchart.
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PMID:Genetic analysis of tall stature. 1619 40


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